Chapter 14 Disorders

Question 1

the medical model proposes that

Answer 1

it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease

Question 2

Thomas Szasz is

Answer 2

critic of the MM asserts that disease can only affect the body, so therefore the mind is not included in that

says that abnormal behaviour involves a deviation from social norms rather than an illness

says it’s problems in living not an illness

Question 3

most commonly used criteria of abnormality

Answer 3

1) Deviance from social norms

2) maladaptive behaviour
(cocaine addiction affects a person’s social functioning)

3) personal distress
people self report depression but there’s nothing deviant about it

people are often viewed as disordered when only 1 criterion is met

Question 4

Summarize the three stereotypes about psychological disorders that are largely inaccurate

Answer 4

1) psychological disorders are incurable

most are treated successfully though few are not

2) people with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous

not true and only because of media attention to the few cases
no consistent evidence

3) people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different than normal people

only sever cases are like that

Question 5

Describe the five diagnostic axes of DSM-IV-TR

Answer 5

Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes
Axis 2: personality disorders or mental retardation
Axis 3: General medical conditions
Axis 4: Psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis 5: global assessment functioning

Question 6

epidemiology the study of

Answer 6

the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population

Question 7

3 biggest mental disorders are

Answer 7

Substance abuse
anxiety disorder and
mood

Question 8

five types of anxiety disorders

Answer 8

general anxiety disorder
Phobic disorder
panic disorder or agoraphobia
obsessive compulsive disorder
ptsd

Question 9

general anxiety disorder

Answer 9

marked by chronic high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat (free floating)

Question 10

Phobic disorder

Answer 10

marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no real danger

Question 11

panic disorder or agoraphobia

Answer 11

marked by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

results in being afraid to leave home, which is where the agoraphobia comes in which is a fear of going to public places

Question 12

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 12

marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals in 4 main categories

Question 13

ptsd

Answer 13

tied to the memory of an event

nightmares/flashbacks, emotional numbness, alienation, problems in social relations, increased sense of vulnerability, elevated levels of arousal, anxiety, anger and guilt , sometimes dissociative

takes years to get over and some people never get over it romeo dellaire

Question 14

concordance rate indicates the

Answer 14

percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

Question 15

dissociative disorders are

Answer 15

class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

Question 16

Dissociative amnesia is

Answer 16

a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is to extensive to be due to normal forgetting

block out trauma such as rape or an accident etc…

Question 17

Dissociative fugue

Answer 17

people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity

don’t remember who they are but can do math

Question 18

Dissociative Identity disorder

Answer 18

involves the coexistence of two or more largely complete, and usually very different personalities (used to be called multiple personality disorder)

it’s NOT schizophrenia as is often confused

Dr. Jekyll/Hyde

Question 19

anhedonia is

Answer 19

a diminished ability to experience pleasure

Question 20

stats around depression

Answer 20

average length is 6 months
average times somebody feels

it is 5 or 6 times in a lifetime

usually symptoms happen before age 40

earlier onset is associated with more episodes, more severe symptoms and greater impairment of functioning

Question 21

relatively mild depression is called

Answer 21

dysthymic disorder, which consists of chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of a major depressive episode

Question 22

what percentage in Canada of people have depression

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

what percentage in Canada of people have bi-polar

Answer 23

1% equal in female/male

Question 24

opposite of bi-polar

Answer 24

unipolar

Question 25

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 25

exhibit chronic but relatively mil symptoms of bipolar disorder

Question 26

manic period lasts?

Answer 26

4 months

Question 27

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is related to

Answer 27

melatonin and circadian rhythms

Question 28

which neurotransmitters are related to mood disorders?

Answer 28

norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 29

biological connections to depression

Answer 29

reduced hippocampal volume; 8 - 10 % smaller in depressed people depression suppresses neurogenesis and thus the hippocampal region is smaller

Question 30

hormonal factors affecting mood disorder?

Answer 30

elevated levels of cortisol overactivity along the HPA Axis (hypothalamus)

Question 31

DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS leading to mood disorder?

Answer 31

perfectionism can lead to depression sociotropy: persons overly invested in interpersonal relationships autonomy: primarily tuned to their own independence and achievement

Question 32

COGNITIVE FACTORS related to mood disorder

Answer 32

Negative cognitive triad: Negative view of themselves, their world and their future Seligman: Learned helplessness pessimistic explanatory style hopelessness theory rumination: too much thinking about the problem makes it worse whereas getting distracted helps poor interpersonal skills may lead to depression

Question 33

schizophrenia disorders are a class of disorders marked

Answer 33

by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, deterioration of adaptive behaviour 1%

Question 34

symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 34

* delusions false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality - private thoughts are being broadcast - train of thought deteriorates - less and less coherence * Deterioration of adaptive behaviour - routine, social, hygiene * Hallucinations sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of real external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input - hear voices, often negative * Disturbed Emotions - blunted effect (no emotion) - inappropriate - laughing at a tragedy or crying at a silly cartoon - emotionally volatile

Question 35

3 types of schizophrenia

Answer 35

paranoid catatonic disorganized and undifferentiated (combo of all 3)

Question 36

2 class system of describing schizophrenia

Answer 36

* negative symptoms - behavioural deficits - flattened emotions, - social withdrawal - apathy - impaired attention * positive symptoms - behavioural excess - peculiarities - hallucinations, delusions - wild flights

Question 37

is there a high genetic correlation among schizophrenic

Answer 37

yes 48 % for identical twins vs 17% for fraternal children born with 2 schizophrenic parents are 48% likely to develop it too

Question 38

Neurochemical Factors schizophrenia

Answer 38

excess dopamine marijuana in teenage years might precipitate trigger it but some believe that schizophrenia might trigger people to self-medicate but studies show that marijuana doubled the risk of psychotic disturbance THC may increase dopamine activity

Question 39

Structural abnormalities schizophrenia

Answer 39

enlarged brain ventricles (but it could be a consequence and not a cause) reduction in grey and white matter / loss of synaptic density / myelination

Question 40

Neurodevelopment Hypothesis schizophrenia

Answer 40

brain maturation problems at birth or b4 (early neurological trauma) viral, influenza, malnutrition while in womb pre natal stress

Question 41

Expressed Emotion schizophrenia

Answer 41

is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic displays highly critical or over-involved attitudes towards the patient families that are fucked will result in a relapse 3 times to 1

Question 42

personality disorders are marked by

Answer 42

extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

Question 43

Anti-social refers to

Answer 43

people choosing to reject accepted social norms regarding moral principles and behaviour; it does not mean that they don't have friends etc...

Question 44

personality disorders

Answer 44

Impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive and irresponsible behaviour that reflects a failure to accept social norms

Question 45

ETIOLOGY of personality disorder

Answer 45

biological/genetic twin studies 67% concordance 31% fraternal sluggish autonomic nervous systems that lead to slow acquisition of inhibitions learned through classical conditioning inadequate socialization in family system homes where discipline is erratic and ineffective // physical abuse and neglect homes where one or more parent has anti-social behaviour i.e. observational learning

Question 46

culture-bound disorders are

Answer 46

abnormal syndromes found in only a few cultural groups | koro is an obsessive fear that one's penis will withdraw into one's abdomen (chinese males in Malaya)

Question 47

anorexia nervosa:

Answer 47

intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, dangerous measures to lose weight restricting type and binge purge type amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle in women), gastro, low blood pressure, osteoporosis, metabolic disturbances lead to cardiac arrest and circulatory collapse leads to death in 5 - 10 %

Question 48

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 48

involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as vomiting, fasting, laxative diuretics, excessive exercise binges are in secret typically maintain a normal weight cause puking and shitting don't reduce caloric intake that much cardiac, dental, metabolic deficiencies, gastro problems coexist with depression, anxiety and substance abuse less life threatening that anorexia more likely that anorexics to seek help

Question 49

Binge eating disorder

Answer 49

distress inducing eating binges not accompanied by purges fasting or excessive exercise less severe disorder frequently overweight triggered by stress not in previous DSM-IV

Question 50

Personality Factors contributing to eating disorders

Answer 50

Anorexia: obsessive, rigid, emotionally restrained, perfectionism Bulimia: impulsive, low self-esteem, overly sensitive

Question 51

cumulative probability

Answer 51

24% likely to have a substance abuse problem, but 44% likely that you can have that *or* depression or anxiety or etc...

Question 52

prevalence rates means

Answer 52

throughout a lifetime so it'll be higher again whereas point prevalence will focus on a particular time period so the stat will be lower

Question 53

conjunctive probabilities relates to

Answer 53

having several disorders in a lifetime and of course this drops lower to 1% because if you include schizophrenia and that one is at 1% you can be higher than 1%

Question 54

comorbidity is

Answer 54

the coexistence of two or more disorders

Question 55

conjunction fallacy occurs when

Answer 55

people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Question 56

availability heuristic

Answer 56

the estimated probability of an event is based on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind