Quiz Chapters 15/16

Question 1

Why might someone prefer to take atypical antipsychotic drugs rather than traditional ones?
Select one:
a. They are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
b. They can be used to treat depression and anxiety in addition to schizophrenia.
c. They seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.
d. They seem to produce more severe side effects, but they work much more quickly.

Answer 1

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REF: p. 718
The correct answer is: They seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.

Question 2

What are the tricyclics and the MAO inhibitors?
Select one:
a. antipsychotic drugs
b. mood stabilizers
c. antianxiety drugs
d. antidepressants

Answer 2

Feedback
REF: p. 718
The correct answer is: antidepressants

Question 3

Which type of treatment uses modeling, behavioural rehearsal, and shaping as its major tools?
Select one:
a. rational-emotive therapy
b. insight-rehearsal training
c. cognitive restructuring
d. social skills training

Answer 3

Feedback
REF: p. 712
The correct answer is: social skills training

Question 4

What is the most important thing for group members to do in group therapy?
Select one:
a. reduce both transference and resistance
b. challenge one another’s false belief structures
c. increase conformity and compliance
d. provide acceptance and emotional support

Answer 4

REF: p. 706

The correct answer is: provide acceptance and emotional support

Question 5

Price has had several episodes of severe depression, but for the past week he has been euphoric and hyperactive, and he hasn’t slept for the past four nights. His family is concerned, and they have brought him to a mental health clinic for treatment. If the doctor who sees him prescribes medication to reduce Price’s current symptoms, the doctor is MOST likely to prescribe
Select one:
a. a drug from the benzodiazepine family.
b. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
c. a tricyclic drug.
d. lithium.

Answer 5

REF: p. 720

The correct answer is: lithium.

Question 6

Which of the following is TRUE of antipsychotic drugs?
Select one:
a. They are effective in about 95 per cent of psychotic patients.
b. They are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical psychotic disorder.
c. They tend to produce immediate, but short-lasting, effects.
d. They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Answer 6

REF: p. 717

The correct answer is: They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Question 7

Dr. Jefferson often treats individuals who have symptoms of major depression. During the initial treatment, Dr. Jefferson often prescribes antidepressants, but during the course of therapy, he also encourages patients to recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. He believes that drug treatment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression, but only by understanding the causes of their depression will individuals be able to prevent relapses. Which of the following approaches is consistent with Dr. Jefferson’s approach to therapy?
Select one:
a. humanistic
b. eclectic
c. deinstitutional
d. behavioural

Answer 7

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REF: p. 727
The correct answer is: eclectic

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)?
Select one:
a. It is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia.
b. It is a useful method of inducing compliance.
c. It is one of the key components in aversion therapy.
d. It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Answer 8

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REF: p. 721
The correct answer is: It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for improving mental health services for North American minority groups?
Select one:
a. recruitment and training of more ethnic minority therapists
b. some modifications in traditional approaches to therapy
c. provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients
d. giving therapists special training in cultural sensitivity

Answer 9

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REF: p. 728
The correct answer is: provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients

Question 10

What technique is being used if you give an alcoholic an emetic drug that causes her to become violently ill each time she takes a drink?
Select one:
a. negative reinforcement therapy
b. behavioural redirection
c. systematic desensitization
d. aversive conditioning

Answer 10

k
REF: p. 712
The correct answer is: aversive conditioning

Question 11

How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?
Select one:
a. by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings
b. by moving to a new topic for discussion
c. by ignoring the diversion and re-centering on the real problem
d. by modeling new behaviour for the client

Answer 11

Feedback
REF: p. 701
The correct answer is: by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings

Question 12

If you think about a snake phobia in classical conditioning terms, what term would be used to describe the sight of the snake?
Select one:
a. unconditioned response
b. conditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Feedback
REF: p. 710
The correct answer is: conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a Freudian technique that is used to bring unconscious memories to conscious memory?
Select one:
a. analysis of transference
b. free association
c. dream analysis
d. directed confrontation

Answer 13

Correct
Feedback
REF: p. 700
The correct answer is: directed confrontation

Question 14

What type of treatment is used if you are using psychopharmacotherapy?
Select one:
a. insight therapy
b. electroconvulsive shock
c. medication
d. surgery

Answer 14

Feedback
REF: p. 716
The correct answer is: medication

Question 15

Which of the following would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?
Select one:
a. The patient shifts social roles during the course of therapy.
b. The patient changes the way he feels about people close to him.
c. The patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient’s parent.
d. The patient transfers from one stage of analysis to another.

Answer 15

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REF: p. 701
The correct answer is: The patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient’s parent.

Question 16

Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. As such, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be TRUE?
Select one:
a. Clive is more likely to treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults.
b. Clive would deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace usually sees.
c. Clive would take a psychoanalytic approach in treating patients, while Grace would take a behavioural approach.
d. Clive would have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a degree in medicine.

Answer 16

REF: p. 698

The correct answer is: Clive would have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a degree in medicine.

Question 17

What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization?
Select one:
a. operant conditioning
b. counterconditioning
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement

Answer 17

Feedback
REF: p. 710
The correct answer is: counterconditioning

Question 18

Dr. Yosef is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He encourages his clients to talk about their concerns, and he often acts as a sounding board, restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and problems. Which type of therapist does Dr. Yosef appear to be?
Select one:
a. a psychoanalyst
b. a therapist who uses existential therapy methods
c. a client-centred therapist
d. a therapist who uses cognitive-behaviourist methods

Answer 18

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REF: p. 704
The correct answer is: a client-centred therapist

Question 19

Vicki is seeing a therapist to help her work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with the therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and the therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she faces. Which type of therapy is MOST consistent with this approach?
Select one:
a. behaviour
b. homeopathic
c. insight
d. biomedical

Answer 19

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REF: p. 696
The correct answer is: insight

Question 20

Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more effective than others. According to Seligman, which approach is MOST effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Select one:
a. behaviour therapy or medication
b. group therapy or minimally supportive therapy
c. cognitive therapy or insight therapy
d. systematic desensitization or aversive therapy

Answer 20

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REF: p. 734
The correct answer is: behaviour therapy or medication

Question 21

When Jen started her new job at the library, she started dressing more conservatively and also started wearing her glasses to work instead of wearing her contact lenses. Her friends say that she has become quieter and more serious since starting the job. Which of the following has likely influenced the change in Jen’s behaviour and appearance?
Select one:
a. her perception of the social role of a librarian
b. her desire to be obedient
c. avoidance of social stigma
d. pressure by her employer to conform

Answer 21

Feedback
REF: p. 768
The correct answer is: her perception of the social role of a librarian

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of groupthink?
Select one:
a. censoring information that contradicts the group’s views
b. gathering all the relevant information before making a decision
c. dividing the world into the ingroup and the outgroup
d. censoring dissent from group members

Answer 22

Feedback
REF: p. 778
The correct answer is: gathering all the relevant information before making a decision

Question 23

What is the name for the societal “rule” that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others?
Select one:
a. law of cognitive dissonance
b. reciprocity norm
c. display rule
d. principle of collectivism

Answer 23

Feedback
REF: p. 787
The correct answer is: reciprocity norm

Question 24

Alphonse failed his geology midterm. According to Weiner’s attributional model, if Alphonse makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure, which of the following statements is he MOST likely to say?
Select one:
a. “I just can’t seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don’t think I’ll ever learn all those terms.”
b. “That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor I’ll probably do much better.”
c. “It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn’t study.”
d. “I was really tired during the exam because I had to work the late shift the night before the exam.”

Answer 24

Feedback
REF: p. 749
The correct answer is: “It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn’t study.”

Question 25

Pierre is a moderately attractive 16-year-old boy. The high school that he attends is holding a “Sadie Hawkins” dance where the girls ask the boys to the dance. He is hoping to be asked to the dance by either Whitney or Tammy. Whitney is moderately attractive; Tammy is extremely attractive. Which of the following is likely, based on the evidence from studies that have investigated physical attractiveness and dating? Select one: a. Both girls will ask Pierre to the dance, because women are less likely than men to consider attractiveness in selecting partners. b. Tammy will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who are slightly less attractive than themselves. c. Neither girl will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who are more attractive than themselves. d. Whitney will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who match their own level of attractiveness.

Answer 25

REF: p. 753 The correct answer is: Whitney will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who match their own level of attractiveness.

Question 26

Carisa was born and raised in a traditional Latin American culture; Olga was born and raised in an industrialized western city. Based on evidence from cross-cultural studies comparing individualistic and collectivist cultures, which of the following is likely TRUE of Carisa compared to Olga? Select one: a. Carisa is less likely to experience cognitive dissonance. b. Carisa is more prone to the fundamental attribution error. c. Carisa is less prone to the fundamental attribution error. d. Carisa is more likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

Answer 26

Feedback REF: p. 751 The correct answer is: Carisa is less prone to the fundamental attribution error.

Question 27

``` Which of the following terms is defined as yielding to real or imagined social pressure? Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. conformity c. obedience d. groupthink ```

Answer 27

Feedback REF: p. 769 The correct answer is: conformity

Question 28

``` Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha’s beliefs reflect Select one: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. a confirmation bias. c. a stereotype. d. the matching hypothesis. ```

Answer 28

Feedback REF: p. 745 The correct answer is: a stereotype.

Question 29

``` When advertisers use extremely attractive models to demonstrate their products, what are they using to change consumers’ attitudes? Select one: a. classical conditioning b. reinforcement c. observational learning d. punishment ```

Answer 29

Feedback REF: p. 765 The correct answer is: classical conditioning

Question 30

``` Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates Select one: a. social loafing. b. the self-fulfilling prophecy. c. the bystander effect. d. group polarization. ```

Answer 30

Feedback REF: p. 775 The correct answer is: the bystander effect.

Question 31

``` John observed Gracie, an executive for a large accounting firm, behave in an aggressive and pushy manner with her subordinates. John now believes that most female executives are basically aggressive and pushy with their subordinates. John’s overestimation of the relationship between female executives and the social traits of “pushy” and “aggressive” is referred to as a/an Select one: a. heuristic bias. b. contravened stereotype. c. self-serving attribution. d. illusory correlation. ```

Answer 31

Feedback REF: p. 747 The correct answer is: illusory correlation.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is supported by evidence from numerous studies of the bystander effect? Select one: a. It is a widespread phenomenon. b. It occurs only in urban impoverished areas. c. It is limited to contrived laboratory situations. d. There is much truth to the old saying that “there is safety in numbers.”

Answer 32

Feedback REF: p. 775 The correct answer is: It is a widespread phenomenon.

Question 33

``` When the jury entered the jury room, most of the jurors thought that the defendant in the case was probably innocent, but some weren’t certain. After discussing the case for four hours, all twelve jurors are now firmly convinced that the defendant did not commit the crime. This shift in the jurors’ opinions following group discussion is consistent with Select one: a. groupthink. b. the bystander effect. c. group polarization. d. reciprocity. ```

Answer 33

Feedback REF: p. 777 The correct answer is: group polarization.

Question 34

``` Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroups and outgroups are basic features of Select one: a. social loafing. b. group polarization. c. groupthink. d. social diffusion. ```

Answer 34

Feedback REF: p. 778 The correct answer is: groupthink.

Question 35

Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, what is Scott MOST likely to do in response? Select one: a. engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attribution b. “bad mouth” the club to his friends c. try to modify the behaviour of the current club members d. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends

Answer 35

REF: p. 766 | The correct answer is: continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends

Question 36

Julio had planned to buy a national brand computer when one of his friends suggested that buying a computer through a local “no-name” outlet store would offer good value. Julio carefully reviewed the relevant reports about the various computer components as well as the statistics on service reliability, and decided his friend was correct. Julio bought his computer from the local “no-name” outlet store. In this case, what did Julio use to reach his decision? Select one: a. peripheral route to persuasion b. central route to persuasion c. self-serving route to persuasion d. cognitive dissonance model of persuasion

Answer 36

Feedback REF: p. 768 The correct answer is: central route to persuasion

Question 37

In Milgram’s research on obedience, when did Milgram find that subjects’ obedience declined dramatically? Select one: a. when group size was increased beyond seven members b. when an innocent stranger was harmed by the subjects’ actions c. when another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s order d. when the study was conducted in a run-down, dilapidated building

Answer 37

Feedback REF: p. 771 The correct answer is: when another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s order

Question 38

Celine just heard that her neighbour, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney’s children distracted him for a few seconds, leading to the accident, she has Select one: a. made the fundamental attribution error. b. made an external attribution. c. been influenced by an illusory correlation. d. made an internal attribution.

Answer 38

Feedback REF: p. 748 The correct answer is: made an external attribution.

Question 39

Eric has joined a new fraternity. Based on the research conducted by Krebs and Denton, if the other fraternity members now consider Eric as part of their ingroup, they are MORE likely to Select one: a. pay less attention to his actions and ideas. b. remember things that he does with greater accuracy. c. view him in somewhat negative terms. d. view him in a generally positive light.

Answer 39

REF: p. 747 | The correct answer is: view him in a generally positive light.

Question 40

``` Phyllis is playing in a basketball game, and when she makes a three-point shot, she is ecstatic. She proudly tells her coach that it shows how all her extra practice has paid off. However, later in the game Phyllis misses an almost identical shot. This time she explains to her coach that she was distracted by one of the opposing players. What do Phyllis’s attributions illustrate? Select one: a. actor-observer bias b. self-serving bias c. matching hypothesis d. fundamental attribution error ```

Answer 40

Feedback REF: p. 751 The correct answer is: self-serving bias

Question 41

In the following example, indicate the broad category of therapy (i.e., biological, insight, social-behavioural, biomedical) and the sub-therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis, client-centred, social skills training, drug treatment, behavioural, group, etc.) being used. Provide support for your answer. Teresa has depressive moods that come and go unannounced. She blames herself for everything: for her failure in school, for her lack of friends, and for her inability to keep a steady boyfriend. Although Teresa is physically attractive, she is self-deprecating and self-reproachful. She despairs of ever getting married, and she constantly puts a negative “spin” on all the positive experiences in her life. Dr. Peckford immediately recognized Teresa’s pattern of negative thinking and got her to keep a journal for the following week on all her expressions of negative thinking and her behaviours toward the people with whom she comes in contact. Dr. Peckford ended their first session by saying, “Next week, we’ll engage in some experiments to disconfirm these negative thoughts and to start a new pattern of successful experiences.”

Answer 41

Dr. Peckford’s approach is cognitive-behavioural. He focuses on Teresa’s negative thinking and gets her to record her negative thoughts and behaviours toward the people she meets during the week. His “Next week” plan is part of the technique of cognitive therapists to challenge the unrealistic and unreasonable nature of the negative thoughts and to start a program to change negative and depressive behaviours.

Question 42

In the following example, indicate the broad category of therapy (i.e., biological, insight, social-behavioural, biomedical) and the sub-therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis, client-centred, social skills training, drug treatment, behavioural, group, etc.) being used. Provide support for your answer Vanessa often has pointless arguments with many people in her life: her spouse, bosses, friends, neighbours, and children. Vanessa’s therapist asks her to keep a tally for a month of how often and with whom she has such arguments. Next, they set goals of reducing the number of arguments by 10 percent below baseline in the first two weeks of active therapy.

Answer 42

This is also a a behavior approach. The therapist is asking her to keep a log and detail her behavior. In this situation the therapist might be pointing towards social skills behavior therapy as a way to reach the 10 percent goal, since Vanessa's problems are centered around social contexts.

Question 43

In the following example, decide which theory applies: the bystander effect or cognitive dissonance. Justify your answer. In the case of cognitive dissonance theory, explain how the dissonance is reduced. Linda and her friends are eating lunch at their favourite sidewalk cafe. The place is very busy, so they were lucky to find a table. Suddenly, they hear a loud crash from inside the restaurant, followed by voices yelling. One of the voices sounds like a woman's voice and the other is definitely that of a man, who is making threats. Linda and her friends look at one another. All of them shrug and they continue with their lunch.

Answer 43

This is an example of bystander effect. The fact that they are in a public place is allowing Linda and her friends to feel the diffusion of responsibility. They are assuming that someone else will take care of it.

Question 44

Evidence suggests that women tend to be more self-disclosing (i.e., telling another person private information about oneself) than men. Which theorist(s) investigating love would be most likely to consider self-disclosure as an important element in love?

Answer 44

Sternberg is the theorist that suggested that companionship involves intimacy, which can include warmth, closeness and sharing. Sharing private information about oneself with a loved one will certainly foster intimacy. Note also Hatfield and Berscheid, who assert that self-disclosure playing more of a role in companionate love [warm, trusting, and tolerant] rather than passionate love [sexual feelings].