Chapter 15 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Identify the three major categories of therapy.
insight
Behaviour
Biomedical
Describe the various types of mental health professionals
Clinical psychologists and counselling psychologists
Psychiatrists
clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses
counsellors
Explain the logic of Freudian psychoanalysis
an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference
Discuss the therapeutic process in Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients who play a major role in determining the pace of their direction of therapy
Rogers believed that neurosis has its root in incongruent self-images
in-congruencies make people feel threatened by realistic feedback about themselves from others // based on over-dependence on others for approval
help them to realize they do not have to please others
encourage clients to respect their own feelings and values
help to restructure their self-concept to correspond better to reality
foster self-acceptance and personal growth
therapeutic alliance is (Rogers Positive)
prime import in positive psychotherapy
genuineness
unconditional positive regard
empathy
In the positive process the client and therapist work together as equals; therapist provides little guidance and keeps interpretation and advice to a minimum
main task is clarification so that the client can work it out
How has positive psychology contributed to new approaches in insight therapy?
well-being therapy Giovanni Fava
positive psychotherapy by martin seligman
recognize their strengths appreciate their blessings savor positive experiences forgive those who have wronged them find meaning in their lives highly effective in treating depression
Discuss recent evidence on the efficacy of insight therapies
spontaneous remission is when it clears up without therapy
studies show that insight therapy is better than no therapy or placebo
roughly equal efficacy to drug therapy
most of the healing is at the start with the 13-18 weeks
Summarize the general principles underlying behavioural approaches to therapy
don’t believe that insights lead to change
insight people believe there’s an underlying problem whereas behaviourists believe the symptom is the problem
learning principles to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behavior
Skinner, Eysnick, Wolpe
1) behavior is a product of learning
2) what has been learned can be unlearned
classical, operant and observational
systematic desensitization is
a behaviour therapy used to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning
Aversion Therapy
pairing alcohol with an emetic drug (one that makes you feel like shit) so the association is between the alcohol and the feeling of crap)
not used widely
social skills training
behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasize modeling, behavior rehearsal and shaping
Discuss the logic, goals, and techniques of cognitive therapy
use varied combinations of verbal intervention and behavioral modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
based on the idea of erroneous cognitive process:
1) people blame their setbacks on personal inadequacies without considering the circumstance
2) focus on the negative without the positive
3) make unduly pessimistic projections about the future
4) draw negative conclusions about their worth
clients are taught to detect these thoughts and subject them to reality testing
uses modeling systematic monitoring of one’s behavior, behavior rehearsal,
used in conjunction with John Kabat Zin’s mindfulness based techniques
Discuss the evidence regarding the effectiveness of behaviour therapies
favorable for phobias, OCD, sexual disfunction, schizophrenia, drug related problems, eating disorders, psychosomatic, hyperactivity, autism, intellectual disability
chlorpromazine
the first anti-psychotic drug
1) anti-anxiety drugs are
Tension, apprehension, nervousness
valium, zanex
benzodiazapene // tranquilizers
lots of side-effects // creates dependencies and withdrawal
anti psychotic
thorazine, mellaril, haldol
decrease activity at dopamine synapses
reduces symptoms in 70% of people
side-effects, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation
many stop the use of drugs after discharge because of the harsh side-effects and 70% will relapse
cause a more sever side effect called Tardive Dyskenesia neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing, tic-like movement of the mouth, tongue, face hands or feet
antidepressants
SSRIs Selective Seratonin Reuptake inhibitors, prozac, paxil, zoloft,
OCD, panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders
not so effective for those suffering from depression in bipolar
60% patients improve
lead to a slight elevation in risk for suicide
important to monitor patients closely especially in the first few days of treatment
effexor and celexa are SNRI (seratonin and norepinephrine inhibitors) and they fuck up people’s blood pressure
mood-stabilizers
control mood swings for bipolar people
lithium
high concentration can be toxic – liver and kidney problems
valproate is an alternative
problems of drug treatment
some critics say they are only short term beneficial
relapse levels are high when drugs are discontinued
overprescribed/medicated
health risks aforementioned
studies funded by drug companies – a lot of marketing and bias happens
Describe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
6 - 20 treatments a month
critics say that psychiatrists do it for the money and less time it takes
patients often complain that it’s inhumane and intrusive
some say it is very effective for major depression and people who don’t respond to drugs respond to ECT
but relapse rates are distressingly high
risks associated with it memory loss, impaired attention, other cognitive side-effects
very controversial
Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS
temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific part of the brain
magnetic coil mounted on a small paddle is held over specific areas of the brain
well tolerated, not too many side-effects but more research is needed
Deep brain stimulation
thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to the brain tissue adjacent the electrode
valuable for parkinson’s, tardive dyskinesia, some seizure disorders
Discuss the merits of blending or combining different approaches
has merit
36% of respondents say their approach is eclectic (two or more systems) these days whereas it used to be more fragmented
theoretical integration
for eg: psychodynamic and behavioural or insight and medication
