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Nutri Sci > Chapter 11 - Micronutrients > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Micronutrients Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Two types of micronutrients

A

Vitamins

Minerals

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2
Q

Calories (vitamins and minerals)

A

Vitamins are noncaloric

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3
Q

Vitamins are

A

organic - contain element carbon

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4
Q

Minerals are

A

inorganic - no carbon

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5
Q

Sources of vitamins

A

Both plant and animal food sources

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6
Q

How are vitamins gouped?

A

By solubility (some disolve in water, others in fat)

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7
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C

B vitamins = thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid (folate), vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), biotin, and pantothenic acid

excreted in urine - toxicity is hard

not stored in body

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8
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A (retinol), D, E, and K

Store it - limited capacity to excrete

Vitamin A = most common deficiency

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9
Q

Minerals are product of

A

cosmological processes

Plants and animals pick them up

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10
Q

Divalent cation

A

An ion with a double positive charge

Ex. iron, clacium, zinc, and copper

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11
Q

Bioavailability

A

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed in digestion

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12
Q

Phytic acid (phytates)

A

Phosphorous compound found in some plant foods which will reduce mineral bioavailability

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13
Q

Oxalic acid

A

A compound found in some fruits and vegetables that reduces calcium absorption

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14
Q

Tannins

A

Reduce iron absorption

found in tea

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15
Q

Acid

A

increases the solubility of minerals

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16
Q

Presence of MFP factor (Meat-Fish-Poultry)

A

increases the absorption of plant forms of iron dramatically

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17
Q

Major minerals

A

Components of bone (calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium)

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride)

Sulfur

*Concentrations up to 1100 grams*

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18
Q

Trace minerals

A

Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, and others

are components of enzymes

components of hormones

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19
Q

Most common mineral difficiency

A

Iron

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20
Q

Zinc

A

present in structure of nearly 100 enzymes

involved in cell replication and cell division

Ex. would healing,growth, strength gains

Excess amounts = diminish the immune response

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21
Q

Myglobin

A

An iron containing protein found in muscle cells

Moves oxygen into the cell

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22
Q

Iron

A

Ability to move electrons between atoms

involved in the development of the myelin sheath and of neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Metalloenzymes

A

Enzymes with iron, zinc, or other metals as part of their structure

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24
Q

Carcinogen

A

A cancer-causing compound

detoxified by iron

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25
cofactor
binds to the enzyme to activate it ex. iron
26
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)
produce and maintain the myelin sheath Activates folate, and folate activates it
27
Deficiency of B-12
low intake of B-12 low intake of folate failure to produce instrinsic factor Results: severe neurological problems, numbness, paralysis
28
intrinsic factor
A substance secreted by the stomach needed for the absorption of vitamin B-12
29
Folate is necessary for
Development of spinal column during pregnancy
30
Spina bifida
A neural tube defect that can be characterized by problems in gait and mental retardation \*result of a low intake of folate\*
31
Folate is also necessary for what
DNA synthesis Deficiency - halt cell growth
32
fortification
the addition of a nutrient to a food
33
Potassium
Major positively-charged intracellular ion critical in the conduction of nerve impulses \*can cause cardiac arrhythmia\* result of binging or sweating too much
34
Sodium
Exchanged with potassium to trigger muscle contraction defiency: decrease performance capability and may cause muscle cramping
35
Chromium
Enhances the ability of insuline to bind to its receptor on the cell membrane helps move glucose and amino acids into the cell promotes synthesis and glycogen repletion
36
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
Necessary for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids needed for neurotransmitter synthesis defiency: neurological symptoms
37
Vitamin C
Acts as a cofactor, along with iroin, in the synthesis of collagen
38
collagen
a protein making up connective tissue
39
Scurvy
A disease caused by a defiency of vitamin C
40
free radical
An atom containing an unpaired electron in its outer shell, and making it very reactive
41
singlet
An unpaired electron in the outer shell of a free radical
42
Carcinogenesis
The process of cancer develoment result of free radical damage to DNA
43
provitamin
A vitamin precursor Used to prevent oxidative damage by reacting with free radicals
44
Vitamin C and free radicals
Donates electrons to free radicals
45
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Breakdown of red blood cells not protected against oxidative damage, called hemolysis
46
Most important job of Vitamin A
47
Defiency of Vitamin A
night blindness
48
Precursor
A chemical compound that can be readily made by the body into another compound \*Beta-carotene is a precursor to Vitamin A\*
49
Differentiation
The process by which stem cells mature into specialized organ cells Vitamin A is necessary for cell differentiation
50
erythrocytes
red blood cells
51
Anemia
A condition of having an insufficient number of red blood cells, resulting in a reduction of oxygen transport capacity and thus an inability to produce enough energy for the body
52
Folate is necessary for what?
DNA synthesis
53
Macrocytic anemia
Folate deficiency anemia characterized by very large red blood cells
54
Megaloblastic
Folate deficiency anemia characterized by very large red blood cells
55
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia
56
Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) is necessary for what
The synthesis of hemoglobin
57
Ferritin
Storage protein for iron
58
Transferrin
Transport protein for iron
59
Vitamin K is important for what?
blood clotting
60
prothrombin
A blood clotting factor Vitamin K is a coenzyme in the synthesis of this
61
Coenzyme
A substance, often a vitamin, that activates an enzyme
62
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency disease
63
Beri-beri
Disease caused by deficiency of thiamin
64
Thyroxine
Thyroid hormone Regulates metabolism Iodine is a component of it
65
Goiter
An enlargement of the thyroid gland seen in iron deficiency
66
hydroxyapatite
Compound of calcium and phosphorous that makes up bone
67
Epiphyseal plates
Sites of active growth in the bone
68
Remodeling
The continual process of bone formation and resorption
69
Osteoblasts
Cells that form bone, laying down protein matrix and mineral
70
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down bone and release mineral into the bloodstream
71
Resorption
Uptake of calcium from bone
72
Calcitonin
Hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium
73
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone from the parathyroid gland that raises blood levels of calcium
74
Rickets
Bone deformation in growing children caused by vitamin D deficiency
75
Osteomalacia
Defiency disease in adults caused by vitamin D defiency
76
Osteocalcin
A protein involved in bone turnover, formed by vitamin K
77
Osteoporosis
A chronic disease usually seen in the elderly resulitng in porous, weakend bone prone to fracture
78
Whole food
A form in its natural state, as it came from farm, field, or other source, and still resembles that source
79
Fortified food
A food with added nutrients The nutrients are not naturally present in the food
80
Supplement
Nutrient obtained in purified and concentrated form, and consume as a pill or drink
81
Retinol
The active form of vitamin A
82
Carotenoid
a group of chemicals where some are precursors of retinol ex. beta-carotene
83
Beta-carotene
common plant precursor of retinol
84

Nutri Sci (26 decks)

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