Energy Balance and Body Weight - Chapter 7

Question 1

Thrifty metabolism

Answer 1

A genetically determined, energy efficient metabolism, requiring few calories for daily activities.

In an enviornment of scarce food, such as found in prehistoric times, a thrifty metabolism allowed the storage of seasonally abudant food as body fat for use in times of food shortage.

In a modern environment with a large surplus of calories, a thrifty metabolism contributes to the development of obesity.

Question 2

Anabolic

Answer 2

pertaining to anabolism

Question 3

Catabolic

Answer 3

pertaining to catabolism

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

Body processes that create more complex chemical compounds for energy storage or for the synthesis of tissue

seen in weight gain

Question 5

Catabolism

Answer 5

Body processes that break down complex chemical compounds for energy release or for tissue breakdown

in weight loss we are hoping to stimulate catabolism

Question 6

Where we see anabolism

Answer 6

In infant growth, pregnancy, weight gain, and muscle building

Protein synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, gluconeogenisis

Insulin = hormone that directs anabolism

Question 7

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 7

High energy chemical compound used in the body to transfer energy from nutrients to various life processes

energy currency of the body

Question 8

3 ways we expend energy:

Answer 8

Basal metabolism

Physical activity

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 9

Basal metabolism

Answer 9

Body processes involving involuntary activities only.

Such as breathing, heartbeat, and chemical reactions

Question 10

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 10

Rate at which basal metabolism occurs

Question 11

Thermic Effect of food (TEF)

Answer 11

Energy expended in digesting, absorving, transportin ,storing, metabolizing, and otherwise handling food.

Amounts to about 10 percent of ingested calories

Question 12

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

Answer 12

The day’s total energy expenditure through basal metabolism only

Question 13

Factors that increase BMR

Answer 13

Increased lean body mass

Regular or frequent meals

Exposure to cold temperatures

Fever

Caffeine

Stress

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Question 14

Factors that decrease BMR

Answer 14

Loss of lean body mass

Meal skipping, dieting, or food restriction

Starvation or fasting

Exposure to warm temperatures

Aging

Female gender

Sleep

Question 15

Physical activity

Answer 15

Energy expenditure through voluntary physical effort

Question 16

Harris-Benedict equation for adult men

Answer 16

REE = 66+ 13.7W + 5.0H -6.8A

W = weight in kg

H = height in cm

A = age in years

Question 17

Harris-Benedict equation for adult women

Answer 17

REE = 655 + 9.6W + 18H - 4.7A

W = weight in kg

H = height in cm

A = age in years

Question 18

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Answer 18

The sum of energy expenditure through REE, physical activity, and TEF

Question 19

As percent total energy expenditure (TEE) from BMR decreases…

Answer 19

Percent of energy expenditure from physical activity (AEE) increases

Question 20

Which is the most variable component of total energy expenditure?

Answer 20

Activity energy expenditure (AEE)

Question 21

What does Thermic effect of food (TEF) depend on?

Answer 21

Type of food eaten (pure protein will induce a higher thermic effect than fat)

Quantity ingested

Whether a meal is followed by exercise, which increases the thermic effect of food

*TEF of obese people ie less than TEF of normal-weight people

Question 22

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 22

A heigh-weight relationship used to assess obesity.

Equal to weight in kilograms over height in meters squared

weight (kg)

height (m) squared

Question 23

prevalence

Answer 23

The number of cases of a condition in a given population or the proportion of the population suffering from that condition

Question 24

Relative risk

Answer 24

The increase in risk seen in a high risk group over that seen in the lowest risk group

Question 25

Total body mass

Answer 25

Sum of lean tissue mass and fat mass

Question 26

Body Impedance Analysis (BIA)

Answer 26

A method of measuring body composition utilizing the fact that lean tissue, with a high water content, conducts electricity relatively well, while fat tisue, with a low water content, conducts electricity poorly If a mild electric current is passed through the body, the body's impedance, or resistance to current flow, indirectly indicates its fat content

Question 27

Three fat depots

Answer 27

Subcutaneous fat Visceral fat Intramuscular fat

Question 28

Subcutaneous fat

Answer 28

The body fat depot found right under the skin when you pinch your skin

Question 29

Visceral or abdominal fat

Answer 29

The body fat depot found inside the abdominal cavity

Question 30

Intramuscular fat

Answer 30

The body fat depot found interspersed within the muscle fibers

Question 31

Android obesity

Answer 31

"apple shape" A pattern of body fat distribution in which most body fat is carried abdominally more often in men higher risk of hypertension, type II, and heart disease greater health problems of the two obesities

Question 32

Gynecoid obesity

Answer 32

"pear shape" A pattern of body fat distribution in which most body fat is carried on the hips and thighs more often in women

Question 33

Hip to waist ratio

Answer 33

A measure used to define android obesity A value of greater than 1:1:! is considered to indicate such

Question 34

Set point theory

Answer 34

The notion that one's body tends to gravitate to a particular weight governed by the hormone leptin - diminishes appetite

Question 35

How is body fat stored?

Answer 35

Adipose tissue

Question 36

Amenorrhea

Answer 36

A cessation of normal menstruation caused by inadequate estrogen levels resulting from excessively low body fat. Causes bone mineral loss leading to weakend bones

Question 37

Female athlete triad

Answer 37

The bombinatino of low bone density, amenorrhea, and eating disorder sometimes seen in female athletes with very little body fat

Question 38

Adipose's other important functions

Answer 38

Reproduction Shock absorption Thermal insulation

Question 39

Two ways adipose tissue grows

Answer 39

Increase in number of cells (hyperplasia) Increase in cell size (hypertrophy)

Question 40

Hyperplasia

Answer 40

Tissue growth through an increase in cell number weight gain through hyperplasia is harder to lose occurs more in growing children

Question 41

Hypertrophy

Answer 41

Tissue growth through an increase in cell size adults gain weight through hypertrphy up to a point

Question 42

Very Low Calorie Diets (VLCD)

Answer 42

diets less than 1200 kcals per day two variations: extreme restrictions using normal foods, liquid diets

Question 43

Bariatric

Answer 43

Of or pertaining to body weight gastric bypass operations, stomach stapling i.e. bariatric surgery

Question 44

3 drugs on market for weight loss

Answer 44

sibutrimine - supress appetite and increase metabolism phentermine orilstat - blocks fat absorption

Question 45

Drugs never indicated for weight loss

Answer 45

Diuretics - cause water loss and electrolyte imbalance Laxatives - rebound constipation on withdrawl Amphetamines - addictive and dangerous class of illegal drugs

Question 46

The way to lose weight

Answer 46

Go into negative energy balance

Question 47

What generates mot of our metabolism?

Answer 47

lean body mass, including muscle

Question 48

Dieter's Dilemma

Answer 48

The more weight you lose, the less energy you need, until your requirements get so low.