Chapter 12-Medieval Culture

Question 1

What was a piece of land held by one lord?

Answer 1

Fief

Question 2

What was a man that that held a fief, and permitted another man to use it in return for certain promised services?

Answer 2

lord

Question 3

What was a man permitted by a lord to use the fief in return for a certain promised service?

Answer 3

Vassal

Question 4

At the top of the feudal system in each western European kingdom was a:

Answer 4

King

Question 5

The king owned all the land in his kingdom, at least in theory, and part of this land called the royal or _________, he kept for personal use.

Answer 5

Crown land

Question 6

Who were the people who provided the heart of the military force of the various kingdoms in western Europe?

Answer 6

Knights

Question 7

What was the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights?

Answer 7

Chivalry

Question 8

What did each noble family have for identification that had certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners?

Answer 8

Heraldry

Question 9

What was a family’s distinct display of heraldry that people could learn much about a man’s family background?

Answer 9

Coat of arms

Question 10

With invasions and warfare so prevalent, nobles built heavily fortified dwellings called:

Answer 10

Castles

Question 11

What was the system of government that was considered a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land?

Answer 11

Feudalism

Question 12

What was a form of entertainment where two knights fought to knock each other off their horses?

Answer 12

Joust

Question 13

What was a form of entertainment where groups of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the whole countryside?

Answer 13

Tournaments

Question 14

What was a favorite kind of hunting where young hawks trained to hunt small game such as ducks or rabbits?

Answer 14

Falconry

Question 15

Nobles were entertained by __________, musicians who played simple stringed instruments and sang ballads of love and war.

Answer 15

Ministrels

Question 16

The vast majority of people worked as farmers on the ___________, estates that belonged to the nobles, ranging in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres.

Answer 16

Manors

Question 17

The farmers of the manors, called _________, lived in villages of 10 to 50 families located near the center of the manor.

Answer 17

Serfs

Question 18

The lord’s fields were called _________, where the serfs had to work two to three days each week.

Answer 18

Demesne

Question 19

Proclaiming what was called __________, the church forbade fighting from Friday through Sunday of each week, and was later extended from Wednesday evening through Monday morning and would extended longer for religious seasons.

Answer 19

Truce of God

Question 20

The church employed the ___________, in which priests denied sacraments to persons who robbed churches, took a serf’s property, or killed noncombatants during battle.

Answer 20

Peace of God

Question 21

The vast _________ of people in Europe did not live in castles and had no time or energy for games.

Answer 21

Majority

Question 22

What did people in the Roman church of the Middle Ages call a visit to the Holy Land, especially the Christian sites in Jerusalem?

Answer 22

Pilgrimages

Question 23

The Byzantine emperor turned to western Europe for help, and when did Pope Urban II respond by proclaiming the beginning of crusades?

Answer 23

1095

Question 24

In 1095, what pope responded to the Byzantine emperor’s turn for help by proclaiming the beginning of the crusades?

Answer 24

Urban II

Question 25

When the Byzantine emperor turned to western Europe for help, in 1095 Pope Urban II responded by the beginning of _________ for the stated purpose of capturing the Holy Land from the Muslims and holding it for Christendom.

Answer 25

Crusades

Question 26

When emotions were so high before the first official crusade, a group of 15,000 to 20,000 people, mostly simple farmers, embarked on the ___________, where they were utterly destroyed by the Turks.

Answer 26

Peasant's Crusade

Question 27

In the official ____________, where some 50,000 or more crusaders, including some 4,500 knights, they recaptured Asia Minor for the Byzantine Empire within a year.

Answer 27

First Crusade

Question 28

The two powerful monarchs Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany led what crusade?

Answer 28

Second Crusade

Question 29

What energetic monk was called upon by the pope to preach of the need for Europeans to take up the cross again and persuaded two powerful monarchs to lead the Second Crusade?

Answer 29

Bernard of Clairvaux

Question 30

What to powerful monarchs led the Second Crusade after being persuaded by the energetic monk Bernard of Clairvaux?

Answer 30

Louis VII | Conrad III

Question 31

The Muslims grew stronger and more unified under their gifted leader __________, the renowned sultan of Egypt.

Answer 31

Saladin

Question 32

Which crusade had English King Richard I, German king Frederick Barbarossa, and French king Philip Augustus and accomplished very little?

Answer 32

Third Crusade

Question 33

What German king who took part in the Third Crusade and drowned in Asia Minor, prompting most of his soldiers to return home?

Answer 33

Frederick Barbarossa

Question 34

Which king who took part in the Third Crusade and led his men back to Europe after a minor victory for the crusaders at the seaport of Acre on the coast of Palestine?

Answer 34

Philip Augustus

Question 35

Which king who took part in the Third Crusade was given the title the Lion-Hearted for his heroic exploits in Palestine?

Answer 35

Richard I

Question 36

For his heroic exploits in Palestine, Richard was given the title the:

Answer 36

Lion-Hearted

Question 37

Which crusade never even reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantinople, a city of Christendom?

Answer 37

Fourth Crusade

Question 38

Which crusade occurred in 1212, when fanatical preaching instigated about 30,000 French children to march on the Holy Land but failed miserably?

Answer 38

Children's Crusades

Question 39

By what year were Muslims masters of the Holy Land?

Answer 39

1291

Question 40

What were the towns of middle class that sprang up beside fortresses called?

Answer 40

Burgs

Question 41

What were those living in these communities called burgs called?

Answer 41

Burghers

Question 42

What was the class that was between the nobility and the peasants called?

Answer 42

Middle class

Question 43

What were the international events in Europe that brought merchants from as far away as Egypt and Scotland to purchase such items as woolen products from Flanders and leather goods from Spain and to have their loans and credit transfers arranged by Italian bankers?

Answer 43

Trade fairs

Question 44

What was an early form of trade unionism and consisted of voluntary associations among merchants, artisans, and craftsmen?

Answer 44

Guilds

Question 45

Some cities combined to form trade alliances, such as the ____________, a confederation of northern German towns formed during the 13th century and eventually embraced some 85 cities.

Answer 45

Hanseatic League

Question 46

One of the earliest industries in Europe was the manufacture of woolen goods in _________, a low-lying region located in western Belgium, just across the English Channel from the British Isles.

Answer 46

Flanders

Question 47

Who was the leading banking family who ruled Florence, Italy, and influenced European politics and economics from the 1300s until the 1700s?

Answer 47

Medici

Question 48

European architects developed a new architectural style called ___________, characterized by the use of thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches.

Answer 48

Romanesque

Question 49

In northern Europe a new style of architecture known as ____________, which had tall walls with many pointed windows, and were noted for their elaborate use of steeples and points.

Answer 49

Gothic

Question 50

What Cathedral in Paris, France is perhaps the best example of Gothic architecture?

Answer 50

Notre Dame

Question 51

What was a form of bubonic plague where infected fleas and rats spread the disease throughout the growing urban areas because people did not understand basic sanitation estimated in 1334 and 1351?

Answer 51

Black Death

Question 52

How many people perished from the Black Death?

Answer 52

1/3 to 1/2 of Europe's population, approx. 25,000,000 people

Question 53

The growing need for men with special training in such professions as law and medicine led to the founding of:

Answer 53

Universities

Question 54

What was the first medieval university in Italy in 1060?

Answer 54

Salerno

Question 55

What university was John Wycliffe an official , and was founded in 1140?

Answer 55

University of Oxford

Question 56

What was the university that followed the University of Oxford in 1200?

Answer 56

University of Cambridge

Question 57

What university gained great prestige between 1259 and 1281 with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy?

Answer 57

University of Paris

Question 58

What was the oldest German university, founded in 1348?

Answer 58

University of Prague

Question 59

The medieval curriculum was divided into two parts; which part consisted of grammar, rhetoric , and logic?

Answer 59

Trivium

Question 60

The medieval curriculum was divided into two parts; which part consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy?

Answer 60

Quadrivium

Question 61

What was the approach to learning that attempted to synthesize Greek philosophy with Romanism?

Answer 61

Scholasticism

Question 62

Who were the two greatest scholastics of the medieval culture?

Answer 62

Thomas Aquinas | William of Ockham

Question 63

What philosophy was created by Thomas Aquinas, that stated the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything?

Answer 63

Thomism

Question 64

Who invented Thomism?

Answer 64

Thomas Aquinas

Question 65

The most outstanding scholar at Oxford University during the 14th century?

Answer 65

John Wycliffe

Question 66

Who was the English Franciscan friar who emphasized observation and experimentation as the source of true knowledge about nature, and was a medieval forerunner of modern science?

Answer 66

Roger Bacon

Question 67

Who began the first translation of the Bible into English?

Answer 67

Wycliffe

Question 68

What were the followers of Wycliffe called?

Answer 68

Lollards

Question 69

For all his work, John Wycliffe is known as the:

Answer 69

"Morning Star of the Reformation"

Question 70

Wycliffe's writings found their way to _________ in central Europe, where they helped John Huss see the light.

Answer 70

Bohemia

Question 71

Wycliffe's writings found their way to Bohemia in central Europe, where they helped who see the light?

Answer 71

John Huss

Question 72

What were the followers of John Huss called?

Answer 72

Hussites

Question 73

In 1380, who was the Dutch contemporary of John Wycliffe who founded and organized the Brethren of the Common Life?

Answer 73

Gerhard Groote

Question 74

What did Gerhard Groote found and organize in 1380?

Answer 74

Brethren of the Common Life

Question 75

One reformer who exposed hypocrisy in the Roman church was Jerome _________, a Roman priest who lived in Florence, Italy.

Answer 75

Savanorola

Question 76

The beginnings of modern literature took place in the 13th century with the Italian _________, who wrote Divine Comedy.

Answer 76

Dante

Question 77

The beginnings of modern literature took place in the 13th century with the Italian Dante, whose ___________ is one of the few pieces of medieval literature that is still widely read.

Answer 77

Divine Comedy

Question 78

Who was recognized in the 14th century as one of England's five greatest poets who wrote The Canterbury Tales?

Answer 78

Geoffrey Chaucer

Question 79

Geoffrey Chaucer, recognized as one of England's five great poets, wrote ____________, one of the first great works of literature in the English language.

Answer 79

The Canterbury Tales

Question 80

Around the year 1300, a great enthusiasm for classical Greek and Latin literature sprang up in Italy. This developed into the __________ (1350-1600).

Answer 80

Italian Renaissance

Question 81

In what years did the Italian Renaissance exist?

Answer 81

1350-1600

Question 82

The Italian Renaissance revived an emphasis on the _________, subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry.

Answer 82

Humanities

Question 83

What term,at first, meant only intense interest in the subjects of humanities?

Answer 83

Humanism

Question 84

Who was the 14th-century author who was called the "Father of Humanism" and wrote Letters to Ancient Authors?

Answer 84

Petrarch

Question 85

Who was a 14th century Italian author who was the first great writer of prose in a modern language and wrote The Decameron?

Answer 85

Boccaccio

Question 86

The only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance was __________, a book of politics written in 1513 by Niccolò Machiavelli.

Answer 86

The Prince

Question 87

The only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance was The Prince, a book on politics written in 1513 by:

Answer 87

Niccolò Machiavelli

Question 88

Many supporters of the Italian Renaissance were not artists but displayed their appreciation of art as ________, people who use their own money to support the arts.

Answer 88

Patrons

Question 89

The art of painting was greatly changed through the efforts of 14th century Florentine artist _________, who chose to paint subjects inspired by the Bible, and one of his famous paintings is The Last Judgement.

Answer 89

Giotto

Question 90

Who personified the Italian Renaissance's new ideal of a man, was called the Renaissance man, and as a painter is best remembered for his Mona Lisa?

Answer 90

Leonardo de Vinci

Question 91

Leonardo de Vinci was called _________, which means one who displays his talents in all fields.

Answer 91

Renaissance man

Question 92

What is the painting by Leonardo de Vinci that portrayed Christ and His disciples in the upper room?

Answer 92

The Last Supper

Question 93

Who was the artist from the Italian Renaissance who was known for his brilliant use of color, and some of his most famous paintings are the Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens?

Answer 93

Raphael

Question 94

Who was the artist of the Italian Renaissance who may have been the greatest artist of the Renaissance perhaps of all time and his most famous paintings are in the ceiling and walls of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican in Rome?

Answer 94

Michelangelo

Question 95

Michelangelo's most famous paintings are on the ceiling and walls of the _________ at the Vatican in Rome.

Answer 95

Sistine Chapel

Question 96

Michelangelo is especially known for his marble statues, including those of the two biblical leaders:

Answer 96

David and Moses

Question 97

Who invented the movable-type printing press in about 1440 in Mainz, Germany?

Answer 97

Johann Gutenberg

Question 98

About when did Johann Gutenberg invent the movable-type printing press?

Answer 98

1440

Question 99

Johann Gutenberg invented the ___________ at about 1440 in Mainz, Germany.

Answer 99

movable-type printing press

Question 100

Who is considered to be the greatest Italian lyric poet of the 16th century?

Answer 100

Michelangelo

Question 101

When did Gutenberg produce the first printed edition of the Bible?

Answer 101

1456

Question 102

What was the first printed edition of the Bible called?

Answer 102

Gutenberg Bible