CHAPTER 16: SLIDESHOW Flashcards
Children learn more about themselves as they:
- Show responsibility
- Learn gender roles
- Begin moral development
- Expand their self-concept
Responsibility
a sense of accountability and a sign of trustworthiness
How can adults help children learn to show responsibility?
by setting examples and
giving children tasks they can do based on their abilities
Gender-role learning
knowing what behaviors are expected of males and
females, aids children in their social relations and in their development of self-
awareness
* Varies from society to society, region to region, and even household to household
Children must grasp the following concepts before they can understand gender roles:
- Gender identity
- Gender Stability
- Gender constancy
Sex typing
the process by which a person adopts the attitudes and behaviors
considered culturally appropriate for each gender.
How do children learn sex typing?
by observing how others treat them and how others
express male or female roles
In what ways do preschoolers express their gender identity?
clothing, hairstyle,
manner and style of behavior, preferred name
What can traditional role-learning lead into?
Sexual stereotyping
Sexual stereotyping
stating or even hinting that males and females always behave in certain ways or
should always do particular tasks.
Moral development
the process by which children
develop proper attitudes toward others based on sociocultural, familial, school,
peer, religious, and societal expectations
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development outline
- 3 stages, 6 substages – substages 1 and 2 are typically thought to happen by age 9
Substage 1
Obedience-punishment orientation
* Sense of good or bad is directly linked to whether they get punished or not (“How can I avoid
punishment?”)
Substage 2
Individualism and exchange
* Sense of good or bad is related to self-interest (“What’s in it for me?”)
* Exact justice in an “eye-for-an-eye” manner because they see this type of justice as fair
Moral emotions
Reactions to acceptable and unacceptable behaviors (e.g., remorse, sympathy)
* Eventually becomes the “inner voice” of conscience
Self-concept
the picture a person has of themselves
Factors that constitute self-concept
- Self-recognition
- Self-definition
- Self-esteem
- Self-correction
How is play an essential developmental skill?
it contributes to the cognitive, physical,
social and emotional well-being of children
Erickson’s 3rd stage
Initiative (3-5)
* Children’s initiative encourages them to try new activities
* Initiative can lead to failures, and failures may lead to guilt and a fear of trying new things
* Fear and guilt stifle initiative, and to prevent guilty feelings, children must know it is okay to
make mistakes
Extending social relations with adults
- Adults serve as authority figures and social models for preschoolers
- Preschoolers with secure attachments to their caregivers and teachers are more successful at
learning tasks and are more self-confident
Extending social relations with other children
- Siblings and peers become more important
- A child’s ease of making friends depends on the child’s friendliness, ability to follow group rules,
and lack of dependence on adults - Preschool children have a self-centered view of friendships
- Preschool children learn many social skills while playing with other children. They also learn to
see from other children’s perspectives and to manage their own impulses.
Extending social relations with imaginary friends
- ~2/3 of children 2-7 years old have imaginary friends
- Not a sign of loneliness or maladjustment
Negative emotions in preschoolers can stem from the following stressors:
- Common childlike stressors
- Short-term stressors and “bad days”
- Long-lasting and serious stressors
When do children learn how to control and express emotions?
During the preschool years
