CHAPTER 5: SLIDESHOW Flashcards

(58 cards)

1
Q

Conception

A

Joining of two germ cells – the ovum (“egg”) and
sperm – to make a single cell called a zygote
(fertilized egg)
* Typically happens through male-female sexual
intercourse, but can happen through other
methods (e.g., IVF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is ova stored?

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are ovum stored inside of the ovary?

A

Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to follicles at puberty?

A

They grow and fill with fluid each month.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ovulation

A

Around the middle of the menstrual cycle, one ovum is released from its follicle, and the other follicles that were growing typically become inactive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the egg go after it’s released?

A

the fallopian tubes – two hollow tubes that extend from the right and left sides of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Uterus

A

the reproductive organ in which an embryo/fetus develops and is protected until birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cervix

A

the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that
connects the uterus to the vagina, or birth canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do male testes produce sperm?

A

They start at puberty and continue throughout a male’s lifetime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during conception?

A

semen, a liquid which usually contains over 100 million sperm, enters the female’s vagina.
* These sperm travel from the vagina to the cervix and through the uterus to reach the fallopian tube.
* Only 300 to 500 reach the correct fallopian tube to fertilize the egg.
* Many sperm approach the ovum and try to break through its surface. Only one sperm successfully enters, or fertilizes, the egg.
Once one sperm is accepted, no other sperm can enter the ovum. Conception has occurred, and the zygote forms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long does the sperm’s journey to the ovum take?

A

anywhere from 15 minutes to several days, depending on the female’s time of ovulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does conception occur?

A

Conception usually occurs when the ovum is less than one-third of the way down the fallopian tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long can sperm last in the female body?

A

5 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pregnancy Timeline

A

Day one: First day of menstruation
* Around day 14: Ovulation occurs
* Within 24 hours of ovulation: Sperm fertilizes an egg
(conception occurs)
* About six days after fertilization: The fertilized egg implants
into the uterine lining
* Around day 21: If conception and implantation occurred during this menstrual cycle, you’re pregnant. However, getting a positive pregnancy test may take another five to seven days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long does pregnancy last?

A

40 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 stages of pregnancy

A

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Germinal Stage

A

First two weeks after conception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Weeks 3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chorion

A

the outermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amnion

A

a fluid-filled sack that protects the baby until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Placenta

A

an organ filled with blood vessels, develops against the
wall of the uterus. As the placenta develops, it will nourish the embryo/fetus, remove the its wastes, exchange gases between pregnant person and embryo/fetus, and provide the embryo/fetus with needed hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Umbilical cord

A

contains three blood vessels that connect the
embryo/fetus to the placenta. The umbilical cord grows out from the developing baby at the site of the future navel. It is connected to the placenta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal stage

A

9 weeks after conception. A baby is now known as a fetus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Milestones in the fetal stage

A

Heartbeat – The heartbeat of the fetus can be heard through the doctor’s stethoscope (20 weeks pregnant)
* Movements – The fetus’s movements can be felt by the pregnant person, called quickening (18–20 weeks for first-time pregnancies; 15–17 weeks for following pregnancies)
* Age of viability – Age of viability is the time from when a baby can survive if born early. This time begins possibly as early as 23 weeks, but chances improve every week after until the full 40-week gestational period is over

25
What are the developments in Month 1?
1. Baby starts as a zygote but is a embryo by the end of the month. 2. 1/2 inch long, less than 1 ounce. 3. First sign of heart, lungs, face, arms, legs. 4. Heart starts beating. 5. Brain and spinal cord develop. 6. Ears, eyes, and digestive system begin to form. 7. Tissue emerges that will become the skull.
26
What are the developments in Month 2?
1. Still an embryo 2. 1 inch long, 1/3 ounce. 3. Body organs still developing. 4. Heartbeat can be detected. 5. Liver and stomach start to work. 6. Head makes up half of the embryo 7. Arms, legs, wrists, elbows, hands, knees, ears, nose, mouth, and feet are present. 8. Eyes have colors. 9. Eyelids appear, but are closed.
27
What are the developments in Month 3?
1. Now a fetus, and will stay that way! 2. 4 inches long, 1 ounce. 3. The body is fully formed. 4. Growing bones and working kidneys. 5. Moves a lot (not felt). 6. Tooth sockets form, and the mouth can now open. 7. Fingerprints appear.
28
What are the developments in Month 4?
1. 6 inches, 4 ounces. 2. Strong heartbeat. 3. Airways are here! Not used. 4. Sleeps, wakes, kicks, moves, and sucks thumb. 5. Fingernails!! 6. Movements are felt. 7. Placenta forms. 8. Umbilical cord grows to carry blood and nourishment. 9. Nervous and reproductive systems form.
29
What are the developments in Month 5?
1. 10 inches, 1/2-1 pound. 2. Internal organs grow. 3. Sleeps and wakes in a pattern, turns, more harsh with movement. 4. Eyelashes and eyebrows. 5. Scalp hair appear. 6. Blood supply to the lungs increases. 7. Vernix protect the skin from watery surroundings.
30
What are the developments in Month 6?
1. 12 inches, 2 pounds. 2. Growth speeds up. 3. Opens and closes eyes, hears sounds. 4. Skin is red. 5. Stretches and kicks.
31
What are the developments in Month 7?
1. 14 inches, 2-4 pounds. 2. Brain, nervous system, and lungs are more mature. 3. Soft and flexible bones. 4. Lungs can support baby. 5. Kicks and stretches are now exercise. 6. Fatty tissue develops under the skin. 7. Outlines can be seen on the pregnant person.
32
What are the developments in Month 8?
1. 18 inches, 5 pounds. 2. Skin is pink. 3. Rapid brain growth. 4. Less room to move, but kicks strongly. 5. Head down in the uterus.
33
What are the developments in Month 9?
1. 19-21 inches, 6-9 pounds. 2. Lungs keep maturing. 3. Downy hair is gone. 4. Baby enters the final position.
34
Genome
guides growth and development.
35
Similarities to parents
When the child is born and as they continue to develop, they will likely have appearances, abilities, interests, and personality traits similar to those of other family members.
36
Where is genetic cord stored?
DNA, inside of chromosomes.
37
How many chromosomes?
46. 22 pairs of autosomes, 1 of sex chromosomes.
38
Dominant traits
are always expressed in a person even if only one gene of the gene-pair is inherited for that trait.
39
Recessive traits
not typically expressed in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited (one from each parent). A person who inherits only one recessive gene for a trait becomes a carrier of that trait. This makes it possible for the trait to be expressed in later generations.
40
Who discovered laws of heredity?
Gregor Mendel
41
Ideal time to get pregnant
between 21 and 28 years of age. Teens and people over 35 years old are considered high-risk population
42
What affects the number of genetic mutations in sperm?
The father's age.
43
Health risks to watch out for in pregnancy:
* Diabetes/gestational diabetes * Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) * Rh factor * Cytomegalovirus (CMV) * Rubella * STIs
44
Syphilis
Effects are prevented if treated before the sixteenth week of pregnancy. Untreated infection causes deafness, brain damage, skin lesions, bone and facial deformities, and fetal death.
45
Herpes
Newborns develop skin lesions and brain damage. 50 percent death rate in newborns. May result in increased risk for mental health problems. No treatment available. C-sections may prevent contact with secretions.
46
Gonorrhea
Blindness if untreated. Treatment includes placing silver nitrate or antibiotic ointment in the infant’s eyes and treating baby with antibiotics
47
Chlamydia
Miscarriage, low birthweight, and death of infants due to lung disorders.
48
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Damages reproductive organs, making it difficult or impossible to conceive. Often the cause of PID is gonorrhea or chlamydia. (See these effects on baby.)
49
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Warts may block the vaginal canal, requiring surgical delivery of the baby. Most babies overcome the virus without treatment. Babies may develop warts on the vocal cords
50
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Illness and perhaps very early death of child. Treatment of symptoms. No cure.
51
Nicotine
Low birthweight/premature birth, congenital disorders, abnormal brain development, cleft lip/palate, miscarriage or infant death
52
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Lifelong physical and mental effects as a result of mother's alcohol consumption.
53
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Problems with learning because the mom was drinking alcohol.
54
Alcohol-Related Birth Defects
Problems with the heart, kidneys, or bones because the mom was drinking alcohol.
55
Effect of recreational drugs
Early birth, death before birth, withdrawal symptoms, damage to a baby’s brain, eyes, heart, limbs, intestines, and urinary tract, mood disorders or inability to focus in school-age years
56
How can emotional health impact pregnancy?
Positive thoughts and feelings influence the health of a baby. When a pregnant person is happy and calm, their heartbeat and breathing slow down and their muscles relax. These factors lead to an easier pregnancy and delivery.
57
The baby handling stress
The unborn baby can handle some stress, but if the stress is prolonged, severe, or frequent, it is dangerous.
58
Health habits during pregnancy
1. Prenatal care early and often 2. Nutrition 3. Weight Gain (25-35) 4. Physical Fitness 5. Good hygiene practices 6. Rest (8-9 hours of sleep, 15-30 minute nap)