CHAPTER 7: SLIDESHOW

Question 1

Order of informing about pregnancy

Answer 1

1. Spouse is the first to know
2. Children are told at various stages, depending on age and other factors
3. Friends and extended family are told at around 3 months pregnant
4. Employers are told last, but with enough time to plan leave

Question 2

Types of Leave

Answer 2

Pregnancy, Maternity, Paternity

Question 3

Pregnancy Leave

Answer 3

Taking leave during the late stages of pregnancy

Question 4

Maternity leave

Answer 4

Taking leave after giving birth

Question 5

Paternity leave

Answer 5

Taking leave after your partner gives birth

Question 6

Employment Protections

Answer 6

Pregnancy Discrimination Act + Family and Medical Leave Act.

Question 7

Pregnancy Discrimination Act

Answer 7

Pregnant and birthing people can’t be discriminated against in the workplace.

Question 8

Family and Medical Leave Act

Answer 8

Unpaid leave for certain familial and medical reasons.

Question 9

Birthplaces for a child

Answer 9

• Hospital
• Birthing room in a hospital
• Birth center
• Home

Question 10

Types of childbirth

Answer 10

Medicated vs Unmedicated
Vaginal vs Cesarean section

Question 11

Financial Considerations

Answer 11

1. Childbirth
2. Items for the babies can cost between $500-thousands
3. Childcare

Question 12

Signs of Labor

Answer 12

• Contractions
• Braxton Hicks contractions / false labor
• Burst of energy due to adrenaline
• Loosening of the mucous plug (“bloody
  show”)
• Amniotic sac breaks (“water breaking”)

Question 13

Stages of Labor

Answer 13

1. Dilation of the cervix
2. Delivery of the baby
3. Delivery of the placenta

Question 14

Stage 1: Dilation of the cervix

Answer 14

• Contractions
• Early: ~30 seconds, every 15–20 minutes
• Middle: ~45-60 seconds, every 2-4 minutes
• Later: ~90 seconds, may feel continuous (“transition”)
• If the pregnant person’s water hasn’t broken, the
  doctor will do this manually once fully dilated
• Stage 1 ends when the cervix is fully dilated (10cm)
• Average length of time is ~8 hours for first
  pregnancies

Question 15

Stage 2: Delivery of the baby

Answer 15

• Baby’s head enters the birth canal
• Episiotomy is sometimes performed
• Baby changes position
• Baby faces downward (“crowning”)
• Face appears from forehead to chin
• Shoulders rotate in the pelvis to allow one to emerge at a time
• Baby’s entire body comes out, which ends the 2nd stage
• Umbilical cord is clipped before the 3rd stage

Question 16

Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta

Answer 16

• 5-30 minutes after birth, the birthing person has a few irregular contractions,
  causing the placenta to detach from the uterus and descend
• The placenta and fetal membrane expelled following the birth of a baby are
  called the afterbirth.
• Nurses may also massage the lower abdomen to help this process

Question 17

Premature delivery

Answer 17

Baby not mature enough to survive OR not in the correct position for delivery.

Question 18

Premature ruptures of membranes (PROM)

Answer 18

Amniotic sac breaks, but labor does not begin. Infection is a danger, and premature babies have drugs given to prevent infection.

Question 19

Prolonged and too quick of a delivery

Answer 19

Both birthing person and baby are at risk of other complications.

Question 20

Abnormal position for delivery

Answer 20

Baby may be injured and uterus may rupture. Sometimes the position may be corrected, if not, the baby must be surgically removed.

Question 21

Cephalopelvic disproportion

Answer 21

Baby’s head is too large to pass through birthing person’s pelvic bones.
Baby is often surgically removed.

Question 22

Umbilical cord problems

Answer 22

The umbilical cord provides oxygen. A baby deprived of oxygen may be born with cerebral palsy, visual problems, brain damage, or may even die. If the cord can’t be returned to proper condition, the baby is surgically removed.

Question 23

Compression

Answer 23

hollow cord is wrapped around the baby’s body

Question 24

Prolapsed

Answer 24

cord slips into the birth canal and is trapped between the baby and canal

Question 25

Asphyxia

Answer 25

Oxygen supply is cut off due to problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, which causes brain damage or death. Breathing problems may result if lungs contain fluid or waste materials.

Question 26

Meconium aspiration

Answer 26

If the baby passes stool before birth, the meconium may be aspirated. This will cause mild to severe breathing problems, and doctors will attempt to suction it away before the baby's first breath.

Question 27

Postpartum bleeding

Answer 27

Uterus should contract and squeeze the blood vessels shut that supplied blood to the uterus during pregnancy. Massage and hormones are given to return the uterus to its original size, but surgery is needed in rare cases.

Question 28

Manual Assistance

Answer 28

Doctors often use ”version,” or manually rotating the unborn baby into the correct position for delivery. If the baby’s shoulder is caught after the head is free of the birth canal, manual assistance is one of several options to free the shoulder.

Question 29

Operative Assistance

Answer 29

Forceps aid in easing the baby down the birth canal during a contraction Vacuum extraction – suction is used to attach a cuplike device around the top of the baby’s head. Vacuum extraction allows the doctor to gently pull the baby down the birth canal

Question 30

Cesarean Section

Answer 30

* The birthing person’s abdomen and uterus are surgically opened, and the baby is removed. The incisions are then closed as with any other surgery. * Many medical reasons for a C-section * Have the same risk as other major surgeries * Subsequent C-sections may raise risks for future complications

Question 31

Bonding

Answer 31

* Most hospitals today encourage a rooming-in arrangement, which facilitates bonding * The first hour after birth is perhaps the most sensitive time for parents to bond with their babies. * Skin-to-skin * Bonding has many benefits for both babies and parents

Question 32

First Medical Care

Answer 32

* Clamping of the umbilical cord * Measure height and weight * Apgar test – tests baby’s pulse, breathing, muscle tone, responsiveness, and skin color * Antibiotic drops to protect against bacterial infections * Temperature is monitored * Vitamin K injection to help with blood clotting * Cord blood is used to to determine blood type and antibody status * Blood tests – anemia and jaundice * Developmental disorders (varies, but tests are commonly done for Phenylketonuria (PKU), hypothyroidism, Galactosemia, and sickle-cell anemia * Hearing tests and heart tests

Question 33

Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale

Answer 33

* Aka the “Brazelton scale” * Tests newborns and babies up to two months of age. * Determines whether a baby has problems with the following: * Interacting with the environment * Handling motor processes * Controlling their physical state * Responding to stress

Question 34

Care for high-risk newborns

Answer 34

* Babies who are born premature, have a low birthweight, or have another high-risk condition, such as a congenital condition * Admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where they receive immediate, specialized, round-the-clock care and treatment. * Today, NICUs throughout the United States implement family-centered care policies, which encourage parental presence in the NICU as well as parental involvement in the newborn’s care and treatment.