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anatomy > chapter 28 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 28 part 2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of body organs and organ systems
begins with gastrulation

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2
Q

Organogenesis is an

A

early process
all organ systems are recognizable by week 8

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3
Q

cells in 3 primary germ layers

A

will differentiate to form organs and organ systems

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4
Q

endoderm

A

forms epithelial lining of GI tract
respiratory tract forms from outpocketings
other glands formed from endothelial outpocketings along tract

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5
Q

opposite ends of the endoderm

A

open
form mouth and anus

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

Neurulation: formation of brain and spinal cord
induced by chemicals released by notochord
results in formation of neural tube sitting over the notochord

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7
Q

anterior portion of neural tube

A

becomes brain, remaining becomes spinal cord
by week 8: cerebral hemispheres evident, brain waves can be recorded

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8
Q

remaining ectoderm

A

forms epidermis (skin)

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9
Q

mesoderm

A

forms mesodermal blocks called somites that hug the notochord on either side

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10
Q

3 functional parts of somites

A

sclerotome
dermatone
myotome

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11
Q

sclerotome

A

produce vertebrae and rib at each associated levels

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12
Q

dermatone

A

forms dermis in dorsal part of the body

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13
Q

myotome

A

forms skeletal muscle of neck, body, trunk and limbs

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14
Q

remaning mesoderm forms

A

kidneys and gonads
connective tissue of limbs
heart and blood vessels
dermis of ventral body region

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15
Q

umbilical vein

A

carries oxygenated blood to fetus

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16
Q

umbilical arteries

A

carry oxygen poor blood away from fetus

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17
Q

umbilical arteries and vein

A

although blood is transported via these structures, gas exchange, waste elimination and various other procedures occur in placenta

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18
Q

cardiovascular modifications only seen during development

A

umbilical vein and arteries
vascular shunts

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19
Q

vascular shunts

A

redistributes blood to body parts that need it most (mostly) bypasses organs not yet used by developing fetys

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20
Q

types of vascular shunts

A

ductus venosus
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus

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21
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunt that bypasses the liver
parents liver does all the work for the fetus

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22
Q

foramen ovale

A

shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium
open hole in the interatrial wall
causes blood to bypass lung
systemic circulation needs it more

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23
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta
causes blood to bypass lungs

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24
Q

what happens to modifications after birth

A

all modifications are closed within an hr

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25
umbilical vein and arteries after birth
- umbilical vessels constrict and fibrose: reduce blood flow between fetus and placenta - umbilical arteries supply bladder and anchors bladder to umbilicus - umbilical vein remnant becomes round ligament of liver
26
ductus venous after birth
collapses and is converted to ligamentum venosum important marker during surgery
27
foramen ovale after birth
closes as pulmonary circulation becomes functional becomes fossa ovalis
28
ductus arteriosus after birth
constricts and closes off forms the ligamentum arteriosum: anchors pulmonary trunk to aorta
29
anatomical changes during pregnancy
uterine enlargement weight gain
30
uterine enlargement
at beginning of pregnancy uterus is about the size of a pear at the end of pregnancy: top of uterus is even with xiphoid process uterus and fetus push all other organs up and out pelvis widens from release of relaxin
31
relaxin
pubic symphysis softens: hip bones spread out- helps w labor and delivery
32
weight gain
-28 lbs: depends on weight at the beginning of pregnancy -300 extra calories/day necessary to maintain a healthy pregnancy
33
metabolic changes during pregnancy
hormones during pregnancy affect metabolism placental growth hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
34
placental growth hormone
- replaces growth hormone in pregnant women - stimulates lipolysis and glucose production for fetus - all glucose is used for fetus not parent - fetus takes all the energy it can get
35
human placental lactogen (hPL)
- stimulates maturation of breasts for lactation, promotes fetal growth, and is glucose sparing - glucose is saved for fetus and not for parent
36
side effect of human placental lactogen
makes body cells resistant to insulin: hyperglycemia during pregnancy
37
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
rises toward the end of preganncy as CRH rises parents ACTH and cortisol levels rise: helps during brith cortisol leads to maturation of fetal organs
38
physiological changes during gestation
GI tract Urinary system respiratory system cardiovascular system
39
GI tract
surge in hCG, estrogen, and progesterone can result in nausea/vomiting "morning sickness" sense of smell is heightened during pregnancy to avoid spoiled food uterus invading abdomen pressing on other organs: heartburn, constipation and etc
40
urinary system
increased metabolic rate, higher blood volume and need to dispose of extra waste from fetus= more urine produced uterus pushes on bladder: increases frequency of urination
41
respiratory system
respiratory rate is unaffected increase in tidal volume and residual volume uterus pushes on diaphragm and makes breathing difficult by the end of pregnancy
42
cardiovascular system
total blood volume increases by at least 25% may be as high as 40% by end of 32nd week uterus pushes on blood vessels: can block blood flow and cause varicose veins and edema especially in legs
43
initiation of labor
fetus determines its own birth date increase in fetal cortisol levels leads to maturation of lung tissue and increase in surfactant and surge in estrogen from the placenta
44
surge in estrogen has 3 main effects
1. increased synthesis of prostaglandins 2. increase in oxytocin and prostaglandin receptors in myometrium 3. addition of more actin, myosin and other contractile elements
45
oxytocin
- released by the posterior pituitary gland of parent - stimulates uterine contractions -uterine contractions push fetus head into cervix - stretching of cervix by head stimulates more oxytocin release by the posterior pituitary - stronger uterine contractions - positive feedback mechanism that continues until infant is out of body
46
stages of labor
dilation stage expulsion placental
47
dilation stage
- occurs from onset of labor until cervix is fully dilated - highly variable duration of time
48
what causes dilation
force of babys head against cervix full dilation is 10 cm in diamter push of head against cervix breaks the amnion
49
expulsion
occurs from full dilation to delivery contractions occur every 2-3 minutes last 1 minute each
50
crowning
largest portion of infants heads distends vulva
51
infant should be in a
vertex position: head-first delivery dilates the cervix for the rest of the body to pass more easily, can suction mucus from oral/nasal passage for breathing to occur sooner
52
breech position
butt first very difficult and painful
53
placental
occurs after delivery of infant about 30 minutes after birth
54
major adjustments that occur immediately after birth
1. taking the first birth - Umbilical blood vessels constrict: prevents removal of CO2 from infant -causes respiratory acidosis: stimulates the respiratory centers to take 1st breath - lungs must be completely inflated and not collapse 2. closing of shunts and fetal blood vessels
55
lactation
when not pregnant mammary glands are not functional lobules contain glandular alveoli: produce milk during lactation but not before
56
during late pregnancy and after birth
rising levels of progesterone, hPL and estrogens leads to release of prolactin
57
prolactin causes
glandular alveoli to become active, produce and release milk prolactin only produced for a few weeks after birth: milk production stimulated by feeding infant after this
58
what effect does prolactin and breastfeeding have on ovulation
stops ovulation: less likely to get pregnant again
59
delay in milk production
during this delay colostrum is secreted by mammary gland: 1st substance consumed by fetus
60
colostrum
contains less lactose very little fat more protein more minerals more vitamin A some antibodies
61
benefits of breast milk for infant
1. various components of breastmilk are more easily metabolized by the infant 2. various protective molecules 3. helps build healthy bacterial flora for infant 4. serves as natural laxative - cleanses infant bowels of meconium

anatomy (26 decks)

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