Flashcards in Chapter 24: The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929-1939 Deck (48)
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1
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929: When the bottom fell out of the stock market
~Millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell when there were no buyers to be found
2
"Buying on Margin"
Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock
~Made down payments as low as 10%
3
Gross National Product
The value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in one year
4
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Set tax increases ranging from 31-49% on foreign imports
~Meant to satisfy U.S. business leaders
~European countries retaliated by putting higher tariffs on U.S. exports
5
Federal Farm Board
Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage
~The program was much too modest to handle the continued overproduction of farm goods
~Actually created in 1929 prior to the stock market crash
6
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Funded by Congress as a means to prop up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions
~President reasoned that emergency loans from the corporation would help to stabilize these key businesses
~The benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery
7
Bonus March Army
A thousand unemployed WWI veterans marched to Washington D.C. to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later date
~Camped outside/near the Capitol
~Congress failed to secure the bonus they sought
~The encampment was broken up
8
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic nominee for president in the Election of 1932
~Pledged a "new deal"
~Expanded the size of the federal government altered its scope of operations and greatly expanded the power of the presidency
9
20th Amendment
Shortened the period between presidential election and inauguration
~Set a new date, Jan. 20 for the start of the president's term in office
~Known as the "lame duck" amendment
10
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's wife and Theodore Roosevelt's niece
~The most active first lady in history
~Wrote a newspaper column, gave speeches, and traveled the country
~Influenced FDR to support minorities and the less fortunate
11
Brain Trusts
A group of university professors who Roosevelt turned to for advice on economic matters
~Included Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph A. Berle Jr.
12
Frances Perkins
Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor in his cabinet
~First woman ever to serve on a presidential cabinet
13
The First Hundred Days
Where Roosevelt called Congress to an immediate, special, 100 day session within a few weeks of being sworn into office
~During this, Congress passed into law every request of Roosevelt
14
Bank Holiday
Where Roosevelt went on the radio and closed all banks until further notice
~Explained that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis
15
21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th Amendment and ended Prohibition
16
Fireside Chats
Announcements to the American people telling them what was going on
17
Emergency Banking Relief Act
Authorized the government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday and reopen those judged to be sound
18
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5000
19
Homeowners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Provided refinancing of small homes to prevent forclosures
20
Farm Credit Administration
Provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of indebted farmers
21
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Offered outright grants of federal money to states and local governments that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless
~The director was Harry Hopkins, one of the president's closet friends and advisors
22
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works
~Such projects were a source of thousands of jobs
~Directed by Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickles
23
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums
24
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A huge experiment in regional development and public planning
~Hired thousands of people in one of the nation's poorest regions: the Tennessee Valley
~Paid to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion and manufacture fertilizer
~Sold electricity to residents of the region at rates that were well below those charged by the previous owners
25
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
An attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor
~Helped each industry set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods
~Gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively
26
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
Encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under
27
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Was added to the PWA and other New Deal programs for creating jobs
~Hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government
28
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the stock market crash in 1929
29
Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
Gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones
30
