Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards Preview

1) muscularis

2) adventitia

1) outer circular layer, inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle 

2) superficial layer of areolar CT that anchors vagina to adjacent organs 

thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming border around & partially closing vaginal orifice 

external genitals of female

1) mons pubis 

2) labia majora

3) labia minora 

4) clitoris 

5) vestibule

6) bulb of vestibule

1) adipose tissue covered by skin & pubic hair

2) homologous to scrotum  - oil & sweat glands

3) homologous to spongy (penile) urethra - only few sweat but many oil glands

4) prepuce & glans clitoris - (glans penis) 

5) betwen labia minora - (membranous urethra) 

6) (corpus spongiosum & bulb of penis) 

diamond-shaped area medial to thighs & butt of males & females 

contains external genitalia & anus

nipple has openings of lactiferous ducts 

areola - pigmented area

mammary gland - modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk

lobes divided into lobules which are composed alveoli (milk-secreting glands) 

alveoli → secondary tubules → mammary ducts → lactiferous sinuses → lactiferous duct (lobe → exterior) 

series of events in ovaries that occur during & after maturation of an oocyte

concurrent series of changes in endometrium of uterus to prepare for arrival of fertilized ovum that will develop there after birth

ovarian & uterine cycles, hormonal changes that regulate them & related cyclical changes in breasts & cervix

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by hypothalamus 

release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary. 

1) initiates follicular growth

2) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles 

BOTH stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens. 

promote development & maintence of female reproductive structures & sex characteristics & breasts

ovarian follicles 

1) hypothalamus - controls ovarian & uterine cycles

2) anterior pituitary - follicular growth & further development, stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens

3) ovarian follicles - develop/maintain female repro. structures & sex characteristics

4) cells of corpus luteum - prep/maintain endometrium for implantation & mammary glands for milk secretion, inhibit GnRH + LH

5) corpus luteum - inhibits myometrium contractions (relax uterus) 

6) granulosa cells of growing follicles & corpus luteum - inhibits FSH secretion & LH

1) menstrual 

2) preovulatory

3) ovulation

4) postovulatory 

first 5 days 

IN OVARIES: FSH → primordial f. → 1º f. →2º f.

IN UTERUS:  ↓ progesterone & estrogens  → ↑ prostaglandins → uterine spiral arteries constrict → endometrium shedding 

days 6-13 in 28 day cycle

UTERINE CYCLE - proliferative phase (endometrium is proliferating)

IN OVARIES: 2 f. secrete estrogens & inhibin → dominant follicle →  ↓ FSH → mature (graafian) follicle 

IN UTERUS: estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium 

day 14

high estrogens levels at end of preov. phase exert positive feedback effect on cells that secrete LH & GnRH 

↑ estrogens → ↑ GnRH + ↑ LH 

 ↑ GnRH → ↑FSH 

↑ LH → rupture of mature (graafian) follicle & release of 2ndary oocyte into pelvic cavity 

with reference to ovarian cycle, 

menstrual + preovulatory phase

because ovarian follicles are growing & developing

lasts 14 days (day 15-28) 

IN ONE OVARY: luteal phase (ovarian cycle) 

blood clot, LH → theca interna + granulosa → corpus luteum cells

not fertilized: corpus luteum → corpus albicans

fertilized: 2ndary oocyte divides & corpus luteum persists

IN UTERUS: thickening of endometrium, 

Secretory phase (uterine cycle) - secretory action of endometrial glands

hypothalamus  → pituitary → ovaries → uterus