Flashcards in Chapters 1-5 Deck (46)
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1
Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
2
Clinical pharmacology
The study of drugs in humans
3
Pharmacotherapeutics
The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
4
Pharmacon
Greek word meaning remedy or poison
5
What are the three top drug concerns?
Efficacy
Safety
Selectivity
6
What are the 7 other concerns about drugs?
Reversibility, Predictability, Convenience, Interactions, Cost, Shelf-life, and Confusing Names
7
What are the 6 rights?
Patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation
8
Which testing is done in animals?
Preclinical testing
9
What are the 4 parts to clinical testing?
I. Healthy Volunteers
II. Patients (Small)
III. Patients (Large)
IV. Post marketing surveillance
10
What are the 4 aspects to randomized controlled trials (RCT)?
Controls
Blinding (double)
Randomization
Repetition
11
What are three problems with RCTs?
Small size
Short time periods
Unrealistic samples
12
Be aware of greed: Ghost writers
Many articles published in medical journals are written by drug companies, then the company pays a doctor or a professor to put their name on the article
13
Be aware of greed: Patent extenders
The drug is altered in an insignificant way, but sold at higher costs
14
Be aware of greed: Trade names
Used to boost products, but causes safety problems and confusion
15
Pharmacokinetics
Movement of drugs
16
What are the three ways drugs cross through the membranes?
Channels or pores
Transport systems
Direct penetration
17
Ions (define)
Can they go through a membrane via direct penetration?
Atom that has an electrical charge (either - or +)
No
18
Acids ____ protons
Give up
19
Bases ____ protons
Take
20
Absorption
The movement of the drug into the bloodstream
21
What are the 5 absorption factors?
Lipid solubility
Rate of dissolution
Surface area (sidenote: intestines have a massive surface area)
Blood flow
pH partitioning (ion trapping)
22
What are the two major drug administration routes?
Enteral (PO, NG tube, G tube, Rectal)
Parenteral (IV, IM, Sub Cut, ID)
23
Distribution
The movement of the drug from the bloodstream into tissues
24
What are the three distribution factors?
Exiting capillary bed
Tissue perfusion
Entering the cell
25
If a drug is lipid soluble and attached to a protein, will it still be able to get out of the tissue?
No
26
What is Pgp and what does it do?
P Glycoprotein
Blocks some lipid soluble drugs
27
What are 5 locations of Pgp?
Brain
Intestines
Liver
Placenta
Kidneys
28
Metabolism
The alteration of a drug's structure via enzymes
29
Where is the main location for metabolism?
Liver
30
What is the family of enzymes whose job is to break down drugs?
Cytochrome P450 Family (CYP)
31
What are the three metabolism outcomes?
Renal excretion
Change in activity
Change in toxicity
32
Prodrug
When you swallow a drug but it doesn't have any affect until it reaches its site of metabolism and is metabolized
33
Excretion (define)
What is the major site of excretion?
The movement of the drug out of the body
Kidneys
34
What is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?
Vit. C
35
What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins (do not get peed out-stored in adipose)
A, D, E, and K
36
What are some other excretion routes?
Bile/stool
Sweat/saliva
Lungs
Breast milk
37
Half-life
The time it takes for a drug level to drop by half
38
How many half-lives occur before a drug reaches steady state?
4
39
Loading dose
A large initial dose to make a drug reach steady state quicker
40
Pharmacodynamics
How drugs work
41
Agonists
Activate receptors. They can activate the "brake" or they can activate the "gas pedal"..point is they are activators
42
Antagonists
Block receptors. They can block the "brake" or they can block the "gas pedal"..point is they are blockers
43
Affinity
Attraction to the receptor
44
Intrinsic activity
Stronger connection to activate a receptor
45
What is the ED50? Is this the same with all patients?
Effective dose 50
No
46
