Chapters 1-5

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

Question 2

Clinical pharmacology

Answer 2

The study of drugs in humans

Question 3

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 3

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

Question 4

Pharmacon

Answer 4

Greek word meaning remedy or poison

Question 5

What are the three top drug concerns?

Answer 5

Efficacy
Safety
Selectivity

Question 6

What are the 7 other concerns about drugs?

Answer 6

Reversibility, Predictability, Convenience, Interactions, Cost, Shelf-life, and Confusing Names

Question 7

What are the 6 rights?

Answer 7

Patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation

Question 8

Which testing is done in animals?

Answer 8

Preclinical testing

Question 9

What are the 4 parts to clinical testing?

Answer 9

I. Healthy Volunteers
II. Patients (Small)
III. Patients (Large)
IV. Post marketing surveillance

Question 10

What are the 4 aspects to randomized controlled trials (RCT)?

Answer 10

Controls
Blinding (double)
Randomization
Repetition

Question 11

What are three problems with RCTs?

Answer 11

Small size
Short time periods
Unrealistic samples

Question 12

Be aware of greed: Ghost writers

Answer 12

Many articles published in medical journals are written by drug companies, then the company pays a doctor or a professor to put their name on the article

Question 13

Be aware of greed: Patent extenders

Answer 13

The drug is altered in an insignificant way, but sold at higher costs

Question 14

Be aware of greed: Trade names

Answer 14

Used to boost products, but causes safety problems and confusion

Question 15

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 15

Movement of drugs

Question 16

What are the three ways drugs cross through the membranes?

Answer 16

Channels or pores
Transport systems
Direct penetration

Question 17

Ions (define)

Can they go through a membrane via direct penetration?

Answer 17

Atom that has an electrical charge (either - or +)

No

Question 18

Acids ____ protons

Answer 18

Give up

Question 19

Bases ____ protons

Answer 19

Take

Question 20

Absorption

Answer 20

The movement of the drug into the bloodstream

Question 21

What are the 5 absorption factors?

Answer 21

Lipid solubility
Rate of dissolution
Surface area (sidenote: intestines have a massive surface area)
Blood flow
pH partitioning (ion trapping)

Question 22

What are the two major drug administration routes?

Answer 22

Enteral (PO, NG tube, G tube, Rectal)

Parenteral (IV, IM, Sub Cut, ID)

Question 23

Distribution

Answer 23

The movement of the drug from the bloodstream into tissues

Question 24

What are the three distribution factors?

Answer 24

Exiting capillary bed
Tissue perfusion
Entering the cell

Question 25

If a drug is lipid soluble and attached to a protein, will it still be able to get out of the tissue?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What is Pgp and what does it do?

Answer 26

P Glycoprotein | Blocks some lipid soluble drugs

Question 27

What are 5 locations of Pgp?

Answer 27

``` Brain Intestines Liver Placenta Kidneys ```

Question 28

Metabolism

Answer 28

The alteration of a drug's structure via enzymes

Question 29

Where is the main location for metabolism?

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

What is the family of enzymes whose job is to break down drugs?

Answer 30

Cytochrome P450 Family (CYP)

Question 31

What are the three metabolism outcomes?

Answer 31

Renal excretion Change in activity Change in toxicity

Question 32

Prodrug

Answer 32

When you swallow a drug but it doesn't have any affect until it reaches its site of metabolism and is metabolized

Question 33

Excretion (define) | What is the major site of excretion?

Answer 33

The movement of the drug out of the body | Kidneys

Question 34

What is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

Answer 34

Vit. C

Question 35

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins (do not get peed out-stored in adipose)

Answer 35

A, D, E, and K

Question 36

What are some other excretion routes?

Answer 36

Bile/stool Sweat/saliva Lungs Breast milk

Question 37

Half-life

Answer 37

The time it takes for a drug level to drop by half

Question 38

How many half-lives occur before a drug reaches steady state?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

Loading dose

Answer 39

A large initial dose to make a drug reach steady state quicker

Question 40

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 40

How drugs work

Question 41

Agonists

Answer 41

Activate receptors. They can activate the "brake" or they can activate the "gas pedal"..point is they are activators

Question 42

Antagonists

Answer 42

Block receptors. They can block the "brake" or they can block the "gas pedal"..point is they are blockers

Question 43

Affinity

Answer 43

Attraction to the receptor

Question 44

Intrinsic activity

Answer 44

Stronger connection to activate a receptor

Question 45

What is the ED50? Is this the same with all patients?

Answer 45

Effective dose 50 | No

Question 46

If the initial dose differs by a small amount (10-20%), should we notify the prescriber? Why or why not?

Answer 46

No. If it's 10-20% higher or lower than the recommended dose it is okay. Every patient is different, and some patients need slightly higher (or lower) doses than others