CNS

Question 1

What is the “bark” of the brain?

Answer 1

Cerebral cortex

Question 2

We want a lot of cerebral cortex, but our skull space doesn’t have enough room. What features of the brain allows for increase in surface area to allow more cortex?

Answer 2

Gyri and sulci

Question 3

Gyri are _____. Sulci are _____.

Answer 3

Mountains; valleys

Question 4

What are the 4 major landmarks of the brain?

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex
Lateral sulcus
Central sulcus
Cerebellum

Question 5

What structure of the brain is involved in balance and coordination?

Answer 5

Cerebellum

Question 6

For each lobe of the brain, is there different types of cortex?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Answer 7

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

Question 8

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 8

Executive functioning

Planning and initiating motor movement

Question 9

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 9

Language comprehension and production; memory and learning; vision

Question 10

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 10

Interpreting sensory input from the body; vision and somatosensory integration areas; written language

Question 11

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 11

Visual function

Question 12

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 12

Anterior to the central sulcus; frontal lobe

Question 13

What is the collective term for a large number of interconnected nuclei and area of the brain involved in learning, memory, emotion, and executive function?

Answer 13

Limbic system

Question 14

What are the 6 limbic nuclei?

Answer 14

• Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
• Amygdala
• Endogenous reward system
• Cingulate gyrus
• Hypothalamus
• Orbitofrontal cortex & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 15

LIMBIC NUCLEI: Which of the 6 is involved with learning and memory?

Answer 15

Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

Question 16

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What is one of the first parts of the brain that is harmed when you have alzehimers?

Answer 16

Entorhinal cortex

Question 17

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What is the function of amygdala?

Answer 17

Emotion, specifically fear

Question 18

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What are the characteristics of the endogenous reward system?

Answer 18

Happiness, pleasure, dopamine

Question 19

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What is the hypothalamus involved in?

Answer 19

Feeding
Fight
Flight
Fuck (reproduction)

Question 20

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 20

Social and executive function

Question 21

LIMBIC NUCLEI: With demential patients, sometimes they have a “dead” dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. What does that mean?

Answer 21

That would be the underlying cause to why dementia patients with a dead dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are so mean and crude.

Question 22

LIMBIC NUCLEI: What nuclei plays a large role in mental disorders, specifically ADD and OCD?

Answer 22

Cingulate gyrus

Question 23

What are the 5 parts of an axon?

Answer 23

Axon, dendrites, cell body, myelin, and synaptic terminal

Question 24

Do infants have fully developed myelin sheaths?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Do any of our neurons touch each other?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What are the 3 ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse?

Answer 26

Reuptake Enzymatic degradation Diffusion

Question 27

What is reuptake?

Answer 27

Reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the neuron

Question 28

What is enzymatic degradation?

Answer 28

Destruction of the neurotransmitter with special chemicals called enzymes

Question 29

What is diffusion?

Answer 29

The neurotransmitter becoming detached from the receptor and drifting out of the synaptic cleft

Question 30

What are the 3 groups for the major CNS neurotransmitters?

Answer 30

Cholinergics Amino acids Monamines

Question 31

What neurotransmitter is part of the cholinergic?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine-Associated with alzehimers

Question 32

What are the 2 neurotransmitters part of the amino acids?

Answer 32

Glutamate | Gaba

Question 33

AMINO ACIDS: What does glutamate do?

Answer 33

Biosynthesis of proteins

Question 34

AMINO ACIDS: What does GABA do?

Answer 34

Relaxes, slows processes in the brain; associated with anxiety; muscle tone

Question 35

What are the 3 neurotransmitters of the monoamines?

Answer 35

Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin

Question 36

MONOAMINES: What does dopamine regulate?

Answer 36

``` Pleasure Attention Concentration Energy Motivation Mood Muscle movement ```

Question 37

MONOAMINES: What does norepinephrine regulate?

Answer 37

Mood Alertness Concentration Energy

Question 38

MONOAMINES: What does serotonin regulate?

Answer 38

Mood Anxiety Sex Appetitie

Question 39

What does this statement mean: "From a therapeutic perspective, the BBB is a mixed blessing"

Answer 39

The BBB protects the brain from injury by potential toxic substances, but it can also be a significant obstacle to entry of therapeutic agents