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Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology > Chapters 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapters 7 and 8 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

What are the underlying principles that guide learning

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learn to associate two events when they occur one right after the other

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning to behave a certain way with a certain stimulus

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5
Q

Pavlov’s original experiments

A

Working on how dogs salivate

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6
Q

Conditioned

A

learned

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7
Q

Unconditioned

A

Automatic/innate

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

Something in the environment

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9
Q

Response

A

Behavior the organism does when the stimulus is present

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Present CS w/o US repeatedly, CS stops

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After extinction, present CS after rest period, triggers CR

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12
Q

Generalization

A

Weaker response to a similar stimulus

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

Can train to only respond to stimulus trained on, gets rid of generalization

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14
Q

Biology in classical conditioning

A

We are prepared to make certain associations

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15
Q

Cognition in classical conditioning

A

Thinking can lessen association

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16
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcing behavior

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17
Q

Skinner Box

A

Box with lever, food dispenser, and electrical floor

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18
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcements that gradually guide actions toward a desired behavior

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19
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any event that increases the frequency of behavior

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20
Q

Positive

A

Adding something to the situation

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21
Q

Negative

A

Taking something away

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22
Q

Primary

A

Innately important to learner

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23
Q

Secondary

A

Have to learn, associated with primary reinforcer (i.e. money)

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24
Q

Immediate

A

Happens immediately to the learner

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25
Delayed
Some period of time before reinforcement
26
Continuous
Response is reinforced every time
27
Partial
Give reinforcement only sometimes
28
Is partial or continuous learned and unlearned quickly?
Continuous
29
Fixed interval
Same amount of time
30
Variable interval
Unpredictable amount of time
31
Fixed ratio
Same number of times
32
Variable ratio
Unpredictable number of times
33
Punishment
Decreases frequency of behavior (positive or negative)
34
Biology in operant conditioning
Easiest to learn to associate behaviors that help you to survive
35
Cognition in operant conditioning
Still learn and think without reinforcement
36
Bandura's work
Bobo doll (TV)- kids who saw violence towards the doll played with it violently
37
Observational learning
modelling
38
Applications of observational learning
Gets rid of phobias
39
Memory
Ability to store and retrieve information that has been learned
40
Flashbulb memory
Perfectly clear memory triggered by emotion
41
Clive
Hippocampus destroyed, cannot remember/process new things
42
S
Amazing memory, memorize by associating with place
43
Normal memory
remember meaning not detail
44
Information processing model
Encoding>StoringRetrieving
45
Encoding
Getting info into the memory system
46
Things Automatically processed
Space/location; Time; Frequency
47
Effortful Processing
Have to put in a conscious effort
48
Spacing effect
Space out studying and come back to it several times to remember better
49
Serial position effect
Remember things a the beginning and end better
50
Time spent
More=better
51
Chunking
(7-+2) Remember significant chunks better (Phone #, SSN)
52
Mnemonics
Study aides
53
Hierarchies
General topics are broken into more specific ones (textbook)
54
Meaningful
Personally relevant
55
Forgetting due to encoding
Encoding failure
56
Storage
Retaining
57
Sensory memory
Pre-sensation, extremely brief
58
Iconic memory
Momentary visual sensory memory
59
How long is an iconic memory
1/20 sec
60
Echoic memory
Momentary auditory sensory memory
61
How long is an echoic memory
3-4 sec
62
Short term memory
Current consciousness
63
Capacity of short term memory
7-+2
64
Duration of short term memory
30 sec
65
Long term memory capacity and duration
none
66
Neurotransmitters and hormones
More hormones= more neurotransmitters firing
67
Explicit/ declarative memory
Consciously know that we know (facts, dates, names, experiences)
68
Where is explicit memory controlled?
Hippocampus and frontal lobe
69
Implicit/ procedural memory
Perform action skillfully w/o being aware
70
Where is implicit memory controlled?
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
71
Retrieval
Getting info back
72
Recall
On the spot generation of info
73
recognition
ID correct info
74
Relearning
Knew it, forgot it, learn faster second time
75
Priming
When you ID an associated idea that leads you to related info
76
Context
Remember info better if you are in the same situation
77
Interference
Info in memory system is being blocked by something related
78
Proactive/ forward interference
Old blocks new
79
Retroactive/ backward interference
New blocks old
80
Motivated forgetting
Fred's idea, want to forget certain (painful) memories (this is a false concept)
81
Memory construction
We construct our memories but can distinguish when we've altered our memories

Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology (14 decks)

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