Chapter 1

Question 0

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 0

Founder of psychology; established first scientific laboratory

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

Careful self examination and reporting conscious experiences(looking inward)

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

Uses introspection to reveal mind structure

Question 3

Edward Titchener

Answer 3

Founded structuralism

Question 4

William James

Answer 4

Functionalism

Question 5

Functionalism

Answer 5

Focuses on functions of behavior

Question 6

Behaviorism

Answer 6

Psychology should limit itself to the study of observable behavior

Question 7

John B Watson

Answer 7

Founder of behaviorism

Question 8

B. F. Skinner

Answer 8

Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments, behaviorism

Question 9

Behavior genetics perspective

Answer 9

Genes and environmental influence people

Question 10

Evolutional perspective

Answer 10

Focuses on natural selection and behavior

Question 11

Cognitive perspective

Answer 11

Focuses on how we encode, process, and store info

Question 12

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 12

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Question 13

Sociocultural influences

Answer 13

Peers, culture, society

Question 14

Research samples

Answer 14

Need to be broadly representative of populations to which they wish to generalize their findings

Question 15

Positive psychology

Answer 15

Emphasizes human virtues and assets, rather than weaknesses and deficits

Question 16

Clinical psychologists

Answer 16

evaluate and treat individuals with mental or psychological disorders

Question 17

Psychiatrists

Answer 17

Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

Question 18

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 18

1st female APA president

Question 19

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 19

First woman in the U.S. to earn a PhD in psychology, 2nd APA female president

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

Testable prediction

Question 21

Theory

Answer 21

Explanation that predicts behavior/ events

Question 22

Variable

Answer 22

Factor or measure that varies within an experiment or among individuals

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

Attempt to duplicate findings

Question 24

Case study method

Answer 24

In-depth study of one or more individuals

Question 25

Survey method

Answer 25

Structured interviews or questionnaires are used to gather information about groups of people

Question 26

Population

Answer 26

All individuals in the ground being studied

Question 27

Random sampling

Answer 27

Each individual on the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 28

Naturalistic observation method

Answer 28

Careful observations of behavior in natural settings

Question 29

Experimental method

Answer 29

Manipulation of independent variables and observation or measurement of their effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions

Question 30

Independent variables

Answer 30

Factors manipulated in an experiment

Question 31

Dependent variables

Answer 31

Effects or outcomes of an experiment

Question 32

Control groups

Answer 32

Do not receive experimental treatment or intervention

Question 33

Random assignment

Answer 33

Randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control groups

Question 34

Placebo effects

Answer 34

Positive outcomes resulting from a participant's positive expectations about the treatment rather than the treatment itself

Question 35

Single-blind studies

Answer 35

Subjects are kept uninformed about whether they are receiving the experimental drug or the placebo

Question 36

Double-blind studies

Answer 36

Both participants and experimenters are kept uninformed about which participants are receiving the active drug and which are receiving the placebo

Question 37

Informed consent

Answer 37

Agreement to participate in a study following disclosure of information about the purposes and nature of the study

Question 38

Psychologists must protect what?

Answer 38

The confidentiality of participants

Question 39

Psychology

Answer 39

Study of behavior and mental processes

Question 40

Psychological influences

Answer 40

Fears, emotions, perceptions

Question 41

Biological influences

Answer 41

Genes, brain, hormones

Question 42

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 42

Behavior from unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 43

Neuroscience perspective

Answer 43

How body and brain enable emotions, memories, and experiences

Question 44

Debrief

Answer 44

Explanation after experiment

Question 45

basic research

Answer 45

Aims to increase scientific knowledge

Question 46

applied research

Answer 46

Aims to solve practical problems

Question 47

positive psychology

Answer 47

Goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues

Question 48

hindsight bias

Answer 48

Believing you would have foreseen the results after knowing the outcome

Question 49

critical thinking

Answer 49

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, assesses conclusions, etc...

Question 50

SQ3R

Answer 50

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 51

Confounding variables

Answer 51

Factor other than independent variable that might affect the experiment

Question 52

Operational definition

Answer 52

Statement used to define research variables

Question 52

Positive correlation

Answer 52

Direct relationship; increase together

Question 52

Negative correlation

Answer 52

Inverse relationship; one increases, other decreases

Question 52

Correlation coefficient

Answer 52

Index of relationship between two things; -1 to +1

Question 52

Experimental group

Answer 52

Those exposed to treatment