Cumulative part of the Final Flashcards
(277 cards)
1
Q
Nature vs nurture
A
What is the product of environment and what is the product of genetics?
2
Q
Current Perspectives of Psychology
A
Neuroscience, Evolutionary, Behavior Genetics (nature v nurture), Psychodynamic (Freud), Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social-cultural
3
Q
Psychologist
A
Treats, assesses, and treats people, researches
4
Q
Psychiatrist
A
medical emphasis
5
Q
Hindsight Bias
A
Tendency to believe we would have seen the outcome
6
Q
Critical Thinking
A
Examine, discern, evaluate, and assess info
7
Q
Scientific method
A
Theory> hypothesis> testing> replication
8
Q
Theory
A
Explanation that predicts behavior
9
Q
Hypothesis
A
Testable prediction
10
Q
Operational definition
A
Procedures used to define research variables
11
Q
Replication
A
Repeating the study
12
Q
Random sample
A
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
13
Q
Representative sample
A
Representative of the population
14
Q
Case study
A
Study few individuals in great detail
15
Q
Survey
A
More people with less detail
16
Q
Wording effects
A
Need clear, unbiased wording
17
Q
Naturalistic observation
A
Observing and recording info in a natural setting
18
Q
Positive correlation
A
Both variables increase
19
Q
Negative correlation
A
One variable increases while the other decreases
20
Q
Illusory correlations
A
Believe there’s a relationship when there’s not
21
Q
Experiment
A
Manipulate one variable and control for all others
22
Q
Random assignment
A
Randomly assign people to groups
23
Q
Independent variable
A
Variable that is manipulated
24
Q
Dependent variable
A
Variable that is measured
25
Neuron
Nerve cell
26
Dendrite
Receive incoming info
27
Axon
Passes info on
28
Action potential
Electrical charge starting at dendrites and leaving through axon
29
Treshold
All or none
30
Synapse
Space between neurons
31
Vesicles
Release neurotransmitters
32
Neurotransmitters
Chemical that cross synapses
33
Acetycholene
Go from motor neurons to muscle
34
Endorphins
Natural Pain killer
35
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
36
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline
37
Nervous System
Brain and nerves
38
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
39
PNS
Rest of nervous system
40
Somatic Nervous System
Transmits sensory input and directs voluntary motor output
41
Autonomic Nervous System
Automatic things
42
Sympathetic Nervous System
Arouses body
43
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms body down
44
Sensory neurons
Bring in sensory info
45
Interneurons
In CNS, communicate internally
46
Motor Neurons
Relay instructions, cause reactions
47
Brainstem
Reticular formation, medulla, cerebellum, and thalamus
48
Medulla
Controls heart and breathing
49
Thalamus
Passes info from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex
50
Reticular Formation
Connects the spinal cord to the thalamus and controls arousal and sleep
51
Cerebellum
Base of the brain which controls voluntary motor movement and balance
52
Corpus Callosum
Connects hemispheres
53
Limbic System
Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
54
Amygdala
Controls agression and fear
55
Hypothalamus
Below thalamus, Regulates pituitary gland temperature, thirst, and pleasure
56
Cerebral Cortex
All lobes
57
Frontal Lobe
Front of brain, Planning, decision making, personality
58
Occipital Lobe
Base of brain, visual info
59
Temporal Lobe
Auditory info
60
Parietal Lobe
Association areas
61
Motor Cortex
Sends outgoing messages for motor movement
62
Sensory Cortex
Receives sensory input from body
63
Association Areas
Routes info to the correct parts of the brain
64
Brain Plasticity
Ability of brain to modify itself after damage
65
Split Brain
Cut corpus callosum
66
Behavior Genetics
Genetics and environment on behavior
67
Twin Studies
Study identical twins separated at birth
68
Evolutionary Psychology
Study evolution on psychology
69
Natural Selection
Superior traits passed on
70
Consciousness
Awareness of self and environment
71
Selective Attention
Attention focused on small part of incoming stimuli
72
Circadian Rhythm
Internal biologica clock
73
Sleep Stages
Awake, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, REM
74
Sleep cycles
10/90 minutes of sleep is REM
75
Insomnia
Recurring problems falling and staying asleep
76
Narcolepsy
Bizarre periodic lapses directly into REM
77
Sleep apnea
Stop breathing while sleeping momentarily
78
Night terrors
Immense terror during sleep, no plot, no memory
79
Manifest content
Story line
80
Latent content
Underlying meaning
81
Hypnosis
Induced temporary state of heightened suggestibility
82
Dissociation
Split consciousness
83
Drug Tolerance
Takes more of drug to get desired effect
84
Physical Dependence
Physiological need for the drug; pain and cravings
85
Psychological Dependence
Need the drug to feel a certain way
86
Addiction
When someone physically needs the drug
87
Withdrawal
Discomfort and distress experienced when someone stops taking a drug
88
Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs that affect the Nervous System
89
Depressants
Slow system down; Alcohol, barbiturates, Opiates
90
Stimulants
Excite system; meth, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstacy
91
Hallucinogens
Perception without stimulation; Marijuana and LSD
92
Alcohol
Slows reactions, lowers inhibitions, makes sleepy
93
Barbiturates
Tranquilizer, impairs memory
94
Opiates
Opium, morphine, heroin, painkillers, OD stop breathing, addictive
95
Meth
Triggers dopamine release
96
Caffeine
Increases energy, widely used, tolerance and withdrawal
97
Nicotine
Addictive, tolerance, releases epinephrine, endorphins, and norepinephrine, energy boost, makes alert and calm
98
Cocaine
Blocks re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, euphoric rush, crash, aggression, crack is more intense
99
Ecstacy (MDMA)
Hallucinogen and stimulant, blocks re-uptake of serotonin, 3-4 hr high, increase in feelings of intimacy, permanently damages serotonin production, permanent memory damage
100
Marijuana
Amplifies sensations, not physically addictive, but psychologically, interferes with memory formation, stays in system for a week
101
LSD
Blocks serotonin, expectations influence experience, shapes to out of body experience, low oxygen intake
102
Stage 1 Sleep
Drowsing off
103
Stage 2 Sleep
Small bursts of brain activity; spindles
104
Stage 3 Sleep
Deep sleep; sleep walking, bed wetting
105
REM
Actively dreaming, body paralyzed
106
Developmental Psychology
Studies change through the lifespan
107
Prenatal Development
Vulnerable to teratogens, embryo to fetus etc
108
Maturation
Orderly sequence of biological growth
109
Critical period
Optimal period when exposure produces normal development
110
Cognition
Thinking, knowing and remembering
111
Assimilation
Putting new experiences into existing schemas
112
Piagets' stages
Stages of Abstract thinking
113
Egocentrism
Inability to see things from others' POV
114
Object Permanence
Realize objects don't cease to exist when removed from sight
115
Conservation
Objects retain same volume in different containers
116
Attachment
Emotional tie with another, important to children
117
Imprinting
Animals form attachments during critical pd
118
Temperament
General disposition
119
Adolescence
Sexual maturity-Achievement of independent adult status
120
Puberty
Reaching sexual maturity
121
Morality Development
3 Stages of moral thinking
122
Social Clock
Cultural perception of the right age to do something
123
Intelligence
Ability to learn
124
Cognitive aging
Get older, worse cognition but more experience
125
Preconventional level
Self interest- avoid punishment and gain reward
126
Conventional level
Law and social cues- gain approval and follow rules
127
Post-conventional level
Affirm agreed upon rights and act on personal ethical principles
128
Trust v mistrust
0-1; basic trust
129
Autonomy v shame and doubt
1-3; do things for themselves or doubt abilities
130
Initiative v guilt
3-6; Initiate tasks or feel guilty about trying yo be independent
131
Competence v inferiority
6-puberty; apply self or feel inferior
132
ID v role confusion
teen-20s; Refine sense of self or become confused
133
Intimacy v isolation
20s-40s; Form relationships or get isolated
134
Generativity v stagnation
40s-60s; Contribution to world or lack purpose
135
Integrity v despair
60s+; Satisfaction or failure looking back on life
136
Gender
Social/cultural aspect of being male/female
137
Gender roles
Outward expression of gender based on cultural expectations
138
Gender ID
Personal sense of being male/female
139
Sexual orientation
Enduring sexual attraction towards members of a particular gender
140
Gender Typing
Child's learning of his/her culture's gender roles
141
Social Learning Theory
Children are reinforced for gender appropriate behavior
142
Cognitive Schemas
Concepts/ mental categories
143
Developmental Sequence
ID gender age 2; gender permanent age 4-7; Older we get the less we stereotype
144
Biological origens of sexual orientation
All biological, no evidence for environmental influences
145
Prenatal influence of sexual orientation
Certain hormones predispose attraction to men
146
Fraternal birth order effect
Men with older brothers are more likely to be homosexual
147
Evolutionary perspective on gender differences in sexuality
Women have limited fertility, more cautious with casual sex
148
Drive-reduction theory
Needs and desires combine with incentives to make a drive which directs behavior which makes homeostasis
149
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Some needs must be met before others
150
Hunger
Hypothalamus controls hunger, we have a set point that keeps us around the same weight
151
Obesity
Extreme body weight; 65% Americans are overweight
152
Weight Control
Fat cells do not go away, only shrink; genetic role; must be active, avoid externals, etc..
153
Ostracism
Social Exclusion
154
Achievement motivation
Desire for accomplishment/ maintaining high standards
155
Intrinsic motivation
Motivated internally, do it because you want to
156
Extrinsic motivation
Motivated externally, do it because you have to
157
James-Lange Theory
Physiological arousal important for emotion. Stimuli>arousal>emotion
158
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stimuli>arousal and emotion
159
Schacter and Singer Two-Factor Theory
Stimuli> arousal and label>emotion
160
Arousal and Lie Detection
Guilt causes arousal, but not accurate because other emotions also trigger arousal
161
Nonverbal Communication
Facial expressions are universal, but gestures are not
162
Facial Expression and empathy
Feel what others feel, mimicking facial expressions can trigger the emotions
163
Motivation
Need/want that energizes/directs behavior
164
Need
Physiological deprivation
165
Want/desire
Innate human tendency
166
Drive
Activated State
167
Homeostasis
Normal resting state
168
Incentives
External stimulator that can activate us
169
Process
Incentives trigger needs/wants
170
Fundamental Attribution error
Attribute our behavior to the situation but others' behaviors to their personality
171
Attitudes
Affect and are affected by actions
172
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
Small favor helps people agree to larger request
173
Roles and Zimbardo's Prison Study
Behaviors when you are in a role change your beliefs. Believe what you act out
174
Obedience and Milgram's Study
Most people would shock someone to death to obey
175
Social Facilitation
Presence of others can improve performance in tasks you are good at
176
Social Loafing
Individuals put in less effort for group tasks
177
Deindividualization
No longer ID as an individual, just part of the crowd
178
Group Polarization
If everyone in the group thinks the same way, the thoughts are strengthened
179
Groupthink
Think it's better for everyone to agree than for an individual to decide; can lead to harmonious but stupid decisions
180
Prejudice
Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members
181
Discrimination
Negative behavior based on prejudices
182
Ingroup vs Outgroup. Ingroup bias
Favor members of one's own group
183
Just world Phenomenon
Idea that people get what they deserve
184
Aggression
Behavior intended to hurt and destroy
185
Frustration-Aggression Principle
More likely to aggress when frustrated
186
Attraction
Likelihood of developing a relationship
187
Mere-exposure effect
Familiarity breed fondness
188
Similarity
Opposites do not attract
189
Halo effect
Attractive people are more likely to be seen as the outside reflecting the inside and tend to be favored
190
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
191
Bystander effect
When others are present, feelings of responsibility are diminished
192
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
193
Associative Learning
Learn to associate two events on right after the other
194
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned responses
195
Pavlov
Dogs and salivation
196
Unconditioned
Innate
197
Conditioned
Learned
198
Stimulus
Something in environment
199
Response
Behavior in presence of stimulus
200
Behaviorism
Focus on underlying principles that guide behavior
201
Extinction
Present CS w/o US a lot, CR will stop
202
Spontaneous recovery
After extinction, present CS after rest period, CR will return
203
Generalization
Weaker response to similar stimuli
204
Discrimination
Train to only respond to one stimulus, no generalization
205
Operant conditioning
Reinforcing behavior
206
Shaping
Reinforces gradual actions
207
Reinforcement
Event that increases behavior
208
Primary reinforcer
Need
209
Secondary reinforcer
Associated with primary reinforcer
210
Partial Reinforcement schedule
Reinforcer sometimes
211
Continuous Reinforcement schedule
Reinforcer every time
212
Interval Reinforcement schedule
Amount of time
213
Ratio Reinforcement schedule
Number of times
214
Fixed Reinforcement schedule
Same amounts
215
Variable Reinforcement schedule
Random amounts
216
Punishment
Decreases frequency of behavior
217
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one's environment
218
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive
219
Modelling
Learn by watching others
220
Recall
On the spot generation info
221
Recognition
ID correct info
222
Relearning
If you learned and forgot it, you learn it faster the second time
223
Encoding
Getting info in the memory system
224
Storage
Retaining info
225
Retrieval
Getting info back
226
Sensory memory
Pre-sensation, extremely brief
227
Short-term memory
Current consciousness
228
Long-term memory
Unlimited info storage
229
Working memory
Processing incoming short term memory and info from long term memory
230
Automatic Processing
Automatically processed, location, time, frequency
231
Effortful processing
Have to put in an effort
232
Implicit memory
Know that we know
233
Explicit memory
Perform action skillfully without being aware
234
Rehearsal
Repetition
235
Mnemonics
Study aide
236
Chunking
7+-2 chunks of info
237
Iconic memory
Momentary visual memory
238
Flashbulb memory
Triggered by emotion, perfectly clear
239
Echoic memory
Momentary auditory memory
240
Priming
When you ID a an associated idea that leads you to related info
241
Mood-congruent memory
Tendency to recall experiences that are congruent with one's mood
242
Serial position effect
Remember things at the beginning and end better
243
Forgetting
Inability to recall info
244
Amnesia
Forgetting certain info
245
Proactive interference
Old blocks new
246
Retroactive interference
New blocks old
247
Memory construction
We construct some memories and cannot differentiate from what is real and fake
248
Improving memory
Practice, study in breaks, mnemonics, etc...
249
Prototype
Best example of a group
250
Algorithms
Step by step systematic approach
251
Heuristics
Cognitive short cuts
252
Insight
Sudden flash of inspiration
253
Confirmation bias
Look only for info that confirms what we believe
254
Fixation
Can't stop looking at a problem in one way
255
Functional fixedness
Show lack of creativity about the function an object
256
Availability heuristic
Judgement based on availability of info in our memory
257
Overconfidence
Overestimating accuracy of current knowledge
258
Belief perseverance
Tendency to cling to our beliefs
259
Framing
Present same info in different ways
260
Components of creativity
Expertise, Imagination, Venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, supportive environment
261
Language
Spoken, written, gestured way we communicate
262
Stages of language development
Babbling (4 months), 1 word (1 yr), 2 words, (2 yrs), Sentences
263
Aphasia
Impairment of language
264
Broca's area
Controls language expression
265
Wernicke's area
Controls language reception
266
Animal thinking/language
Communicate without grammar
267
Linguistic determinism
Language shapes how we think
268
Intelligence
Ability to learn, solve problems, and use knowledge
269
General intelligence
One underlying factor for intelligence
270
Gardner's multiple intelligences
Language, logical/math, music, kinesthetic (Athlete), spacial reasoning, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
271
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Analytic, Creative, and practical
272
Standardization of intelligence tests
Test a large representation of group
273
Reliability of intelligence tests
Generally consistent scores across more than one administration
274
Validity of intelligence tests
Does it measure what it was meant to?
275
Genetic influences on intelligence
Related people score similarly
276
Environmental influences on intelligence
Education
277
Bias in intelligent testing
Cultural background
