CogPsy - Chapter VI Memory Processes I

Question 1

Encoding refers to …

Answer 1

… how we transform a phsyical, sensory input into a representation that can be placed into memory

Question 2

storage refers to …

Answer 2

… how we retain encoded information

Question 3

retrieval refers to …

Answer 3

… how we gain access to stored information

Question 4

Info stored temporarily in working memory is encoded primarily in …

Answer 4

… acoustic form.

Question 5

Most info encoded in long-term memory is encoded …

Answer 5

… sementically.

Question 6

2 problems when we transfer info from short-term to long-term memory:

Answer 6

• decay

- interference

Question 7

When we forget facts just because time has passed, this is called:

Answer 7

decay

Question 8

The process of integrating new and already stored knowledge is called …

Answer 8

… consolidation.

Question 9

The effects of rehearsal are called …

Answer 9

… practice effects.

Question 10

2 types of rehearsal:

Answer 10

• elaborative rehearsal (by elaborating on the item)

- maintenance rehearsal (by repeating the item)

Question 11

learning over longer periods of time:

Answer 11

distributed practice

Question 12

the opposit of distributed practice:

Answer 12

massed practice

Question 13

To maximize the effect on long-term recall spacing should be distributed over month. this effect is called ..

Answer 13

… the spacing effect.

Question 14

REM sleep is particularly important for ..

Answer 14

.. memory formation.

Question 15

The process of consolidation makes memory less prone to …

Answer 15

… decay or interference.

Question 16

After recalling memories (making them prone to decay and interference again) we sometimes need to …

Answer 16

… reconsolidate them.

Question 17

Specific techniques that help to memorize stuff:

Answer 17

Mnemonic devices

Question 18

Examples for mnemonic devices:

Answer 18

• categorical clustering
• interactive images
• method of loci
• acronyms
• keyword system (KABAH)

Question 19

When we want to improve our memory, we want to improve both the …

Answer 19

… retrospective memory and our

prospective memory.

Question 20

Is retrieval a parallel or a serial process?

Answer 20

serial (althouth data could also be explained by parallel processing -> think hoarse race is over when the last hoarse is done)

Question 21

Is retrieval exhaustive (testing test digit agains all (!) stored digits) or self-terminating?

Answer 21

exhaustive

Question 22

When we have difficulties with retrieving info is it because of …

Answer 22

… availability or

accessibility?

Question 23

Interference theory refers to the view that …

Answer 23

… forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.

Question 24

Retroactive interference occurs when …

Answer 24

… newly acquired knowledge impedes on recall of older material.

Question 25

Proactive interference occurs when ...

Answer 25

... material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.

Question 26

When you switch from learning a list of numbers to a list of words your performance will rebound. This is known as ...

Answer 26

... release from proactive interference.

Question 27

Schemas are mental frameworks that represent knowledge in a meaningful way. Schemas can help to show that ...

Answer 27

... prior knowledge can have huge effects on memorizing new stuff.