Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
(36 cards)
Diabetes
-impairment of glucose metab in which glucose is underutilized and blood glucose levels become abnormally elevated (hyperglycemia)
1 Person Dies from DM every _____
7 Seconds
Insulin
- protein hormone produced by islets of Langerhans cells in pancreas
- stimulates cellular uptake of glucose and suppress production of glucose
in absence of insulin ____
-blood glucose rises to abnormally elevated levels
Cause of diabetes mellitus
- impairment of glucose metabolism
- from defect in insulin production or reduction of insulin potency
DM
-diabetes mellitus
All cells in body require insulin for _____, except _____
- glucose to enter cell
- CNS tissue & working/exercising Mm tissue
Normal Physiology of Insulin/Glucose Relationship
- cells in body need glucose for energy
- glucose too large to pass across cell membrane
- insulin triggers transport proteins (GLUT 4) to go to cell wall
- GLUT 4 transports glucose into cell
Abnormal Physiology
-insulin not present/not sufficient amounts
-glucose collects in blood and can’t enter cells
OR
-insulin present but cell wall/transport proteins resistant to its action
-glucose collects in blood and can’t enter cells
Type 1 Diabetes diagnosed:
-in childhood (under 20 years)
Type 1 Diabetes
- body makes little/no insulin
- insulin injections required
- prone to ketoacidosis & disorders associated hyperglycemia
Type 2 Diabetes
- adulthood (>40)
- pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin for normal blood gluocose levels
- body doesn’t respond well to insulin
Children have a ____chance of developing diabetes
-1/3
Gestational Diabetes
-develops at any time during pregnancy who does not have diabetes
S/Sx Type 1 Diabetes
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- weight loss
- fatigue
- nausea
- vomiting
S/Sx Type 2 Diabetes
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- slow-healing infections
- impotentce
Complications of DM
- brain damage (stroke, dementia)
- cardiovascular disease
- urinary/sexual dysfunction
- neuropathy
- diabetic coma
- retinopathy
- atherosclerosis
- kidney malfunction
- poor wound healing
to decrease risk of stroke:
- physical activity
- no smoking
- moderate alcohol consumption
- normal body weight
- low-fat diet
- high intake fruits/veggies
Neuropathy
- decr perfusion of nerve tissue
- accum of sorbitol, leading to fluid/electrolyte imbalance in nerve tissue
Atherosclerosis
- incr fat metabolism (type I)
- incr blood cholesterol levels (type I and II)
- connection between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis
Osteoporosis
-bone matrix formation inadequate if insufficient circulating insulin levels
Infection
- vascular disease leads to tissue hypoxia, decr healing ability
- pathogens which gain entrance feed on excess glucose in extracellular body tissues
- vascular disease also leads to decr WBC response
Atherosclerosis—>
- CVA
- MI
- PVD
Infection, neuropathy—->
- ulceration
- amputation
