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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Immune System

A
  • distinguish self from non-self
  • protect from foreign substances
  • nonspecific immunity
  • provide specific or acquired immunity
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2
Q

Lymphoid Organs/Tissues

A
  • adenoids
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • ileum (lymph nodes)
  • liver
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3
Q

Bone Marrow

A

-produce B cells

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4
Q

Thymus

A

-produce T cell

and Thymosine

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5
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

-trap and process antigens

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6
Q

Spleen

A
  • filters antigens from blood

- systemic protection

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7
Q

Liver

A
  • reduce amount of toxins that can impair GI lining

- filters all bloood from GI system

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8
Q

Mucosa

A
  • associated with lymphoid tissues
  • provide lymphocytic responses to nearby tissues
  • lines respiratory, digestive, urogenital tracts
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9
Q

Examples of Antigens

A
  • virus
  • food item
  • pollen
  • medication
  • transplanted cells/tissue
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • protozoans
  • parasites
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10
Q

Major Histocompatability Complex

A
  • cell surface proteins that provide cell-to-cell communication regarding presence of antigens
  • On every cell
  • as unique as a finger print
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11
Q

MHC

A

-major histocompatability complex

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12
Q

Antigen

A

-substances that stimulate an immune response

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13
Q

Antigens also known as:

A

-immunogens

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14
Q

Antibodies

A
  • immunoglobulins
  • proteins that recognize antigens

-antigen-binding sites are complementary to antigens they recognize

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15
Q

Types of Immunoglobulins

A
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgE
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16
Q

IgA

A
  • prevent attachment of viruses/bacteria to epithelial tissues
  • mucosal lining
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17
Q

IgG

A
  • gamma globulin
  • most abundnt
  • crosses placenta for fetal immunity
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18
Q

IgM

A
  • first circulating antibody made by newborn

- used to detect newborn infection

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19
Q

IgD

A

-initiates blood immune response

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20
Q

IgE

A

-involved in inflammation and allergic response

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21
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
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22
Q

Lymphocyte Types

A
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
  • NK Cells
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23
Q

Monocytes

A

-Macrophates

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24
Q

Innate Immunity Cells

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • NK Cells
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25
Acquired Immunity Cells
- B Cells | - T Cells
26
Lymphocytes
-mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity
27
Lymphocytes
- mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity - 25-33% of total WBC count
28
Macrophages
- large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis - contain infections - help initiate immunological responses -3-7% of total WBC Count
29
Monocytes
-migrate into tissues where they mature into macrophages
30
Neutrophil
- segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte - form pus -57-67% of total WBC Count
31
Neutrophils can:
-squeeze through capillary walls and into infected tissue where they kill invaders then engulf the remnants by phagocytosis
32
Basophil
- segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte | - 0-0.075% of total WBC Count
33
Eosinophil
- segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte | - 1-4% of total WBC Count
34
NK Cells
-natural killer cells
35
Natural Killer Cells
- large granular lymphocytes kill some tumors and virus-infected cells w/o prior exposure - can be used to treat cancer
36
Lymphocytes are responsible for:
-cell-mediated and humeral-mediated immunity
37
Lymphocytes recognize and activate:
-specific immune responses
38
Cytokines
-regular proteins that modulate the reaction of the host to antigens
39
Cytokines include:
- interleukins (IL) - Interferons - Tumor NEcrosis Factors (TNF) - Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)
40
Interferons
- produced by virally infected cells early in infection to limit the spread of infection - protect neighboring cells (non-infected) cells from invasion - inhibit tumor growth
41
Lines of Defense
- 1st - 2nd - 3rd
42
First Line of Defense
-external barriers prevent the infecting agent from penetrating cells and tissues
43
2nd Line of Defense
-inflammatory response and phagocytosis
44
3rd Line of Defense
- acquired immune response
45
Types of Acquired Immunity
- passive | - ative
46
Active and Passive Immunity may be:
-natural or artificial
47
Acquired Immunity Components
- Humoral (B cells) | - Cell-mediated (T cells)
48
Acquired Immunity Components
- Humoral (B cells) | - Cell-mediated (T cells)
49
Non-Specific Lines of Defense
- Skin - Mucous Membranes - Chemical balance - Antimicrobial substances - Fever - Phagocytic Cells - Complement system/cytokines - Natural killer cells
50
Specific Lines of Defense: | Lymphocytes
-T and B cells that recognize specific pathogens are part of the acquired immune response
51
Specific Lines of Defense: | Memory Lymphocytes
-have memory of antigen that last a long time
52
Specific Lines of Defense: | Lymphocytes can:
-self-destruct or change into a new cell when defense is completed
53
Innate Immunity
``` -inborne non-specific aspects of tissue defense -first line of defense to prevent entrance of pathogens -Skin/mucosal barriers -non-specific inflammatory response ```
54
Innate Immunity response is always
-the same intensity regardless of number of times pathogen is encountered
55
What Happens in Innate Immune Response (Mechanisms)
- sloughing of skin - phagocytosis of bacteria - destruction of pathogens by acid secretions - digestive enzymes in GI tract
56
Acquired Immunity
- specific and memory - after birth - destroy foreign substances - prevent proliferation of malignant cells - occurs after invasion by foreign agent - pathogens in body trigger response
57
Acquired Immunity Over Time
-response will increase and speed and intensity each time specific pathogen is encountered
58
Active Acquired Immunity
- contact with antigen or product derived from antigen | - antibodies or T-cell response produced by hose in response to contact
59
Passive Acquired Immunity
- contact with antibodies from actively-immunized person or via innoculation - triggers temporary acquired immune response
60
Examples of Active Acquired Immunity
-contact with infectious agent or product of infectious agent
61
Examples of Passive Acquired Immunity
- injection of serum from individual previously immunized or recovered from disease - injection of serum from animal immunized with tetanus toxoid - placental transfer of antibodies from mom to fetus - transfer of antibodies in mom's milk
62
B-Cell
- humoral immunity - develops circulating antibodies to attack antigens - antibodies bind to foreign body
63
T-Cell
- cell-mediated immunity | - activates formation of lymphocytes designed to destroy the foreign agent
64
B-Cell
- humoral immunity - develops antibodies to attack antigens - antibodies bind to foreign body - recognizes one antigen - produce memory cells for future responses
65
T-Cell
- cell-mediated immunity - recognizes one antigen - activates formation of lymphocytes designed to destroy the foreign agent - attacks antigen directly
66
T Cells Produce:
- memory cells - T-cytotoxic (killer) cells - T-Helper Cells - T-Suppressor cells - Lymphokine-Producing Cells
67
Primary Immune response
-production of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)
68
Secondary Immune response
-increase activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen
69
Secondary Immune response
-increase activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen
70
Stem cells
- differentiate in bone marrow | - involved in humoral/antibody-mediated immunity
71
Activated B cells:
-incapacitate the antigen
72
B cells mature into:
-plasma B cells, which produce antibodies
73
Processed T cells leave the:
-thymus and spread to lymphoid tissues throughout the body shortly after birth
74
T Cells recognize:
-pathogens, search them out and destroy them
75
T Cells recognize:
-pathogens, search them out and destroy them
76
T Lymphocytes are capable of:
-turning on/off entire immune system
77
T8 cells
-cytotoxic cells are primary active responders
78
Cell-Mediated response is important in
- recognizing body's own tissue | - loss can lead to autoimmune disorder
79
Cell-Mediated response is important in
- recognizing body's own tissue | - loss can lead to autoimmune disorder
80
Link Between Immune System and CNS
- ANS | - Neuroendocrine outflow (pit gland)
81
Activated immunocompetent cells can:
-cross blood-brain barrier
82
Regulation of Immune Response
- initiation by antigens - intercellular recognition & binding - intercellular signaling
83
Hormonal Regulation of Immune Response
- thymus gland | - ant pit
84
Neural Influences on Regulation of Immune Response
-sympathetic NS | innervates thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
85
Apoptosis
- auto-destruction of cells | - if unable to defend against mutation cell self-destructs
86
Apoptosis response decreases:
-decreases with age
87
Apoptosis is enhanced by:
-exercise
88
Factors Influencing Immunity
- trauma - disease - pollutants - radiation - UV light - drugs - age - gender - nutrition - genetics - reproductive status - STRESS
89
GI Acidity with age:
-decreased acidity
90
Bladder with age:
less elastic
91
Thymus with age
-turns to fat
92
AGE: | innate response
-not always automatic in elderly
93
AGE: | -lymphocytes
-react to infection differently
94
In elderly (>70) more likely to produce
auto-antibodies that attack self
95
Moderate Exercise: | On Immune Cells
-increased # | most increase during and after
96
Strenuous Exercise: | On Immune Cells
-depressed
97
Strenuous Exercise: | On Immune Cells
-depressed
98
Immunodeficiency Syndromes
- primary - secondary - iatrogenic
99
Primary Immunodeficiency
- defect of T cells, B cells or lymphoid tissue | - congenital condition
100
Secondary Immunodeficiency
- underlying disease/factor impairing response | - follows disease/event
101
Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency
- induced by drug or physical agents | ex. chemo, corticosteroids, radiation
102
Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency
- induced by drug or physical agents | ex. chemo, corticosteroids, radiation, splenectomy

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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