Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Conditions II > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

S/Sx GI Disease

A
  • N/V
  • diarrhea
  • anorexia
  • constipation
  • dysphagia
  • achalasia
  • heartburn
  • abdominal pain
  • GI bleeding
  • Bowel incontinence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Achalasia

A
  • inability to relax smooth muscles of GI tract

- feeling of fullness in sternal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hematemesis

A

-spitting up blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

melena

A

black stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hematochezia

A

bloody stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of Diarrhea

A
  • neurogenic: IBS
  • Muscular: alcohol, muscular incompetence
  • Mechanical: obstruction
  • Other: diet, meds, infection, strenuous exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of Constipation

A
  • neurogenic: IBS, MS, PD
  • Muscular: inactivity, back pain
  • mechanical: obstruction
  • Other: diet, meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aging and GI

A
  • constipation, incontinence, diverticular disease
  • wear/tear dental components
  • decreased sensation and salivation
  • decrease gastric motility, volume/acid content
  • decreased blood flow and nutrient absorption
  • decreased production of intrinsic factor (IF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

GI is an ____ organ

A

-endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GI produces and secretes _____

A

hormones

-travel through portal system to organ of influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intrinsic Innervation

A
  • enteric nervous system
  • myenteric plexus
  • submucsal plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extrinsic Innervation

A

-parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of GI

A
  • from sacral segments of SC
  • thoracic ganglia
  • celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of GI

A

-nonadrenergic fibers from prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

-sensory and motor fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gastrointestinal conditions: Esophagus

A
  • hiatal hernia
  • GERD
  • Scleroderma Esophagus
  • Neoplasms
  • Varices
  • Tracheoesophageal Fistula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A
  • enlargement of cardiac sphincter

- stomach protrudes thru opening into diaphragm into thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hiatal Hernia may cause:

A
  • midline/sternal pain (heartburn) 30 min after eating

- pain/difficulty with swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of Hiatal hernia

A
  • antacids
  • elevating upper body in supine position
  • avoid full supine
  • avoid valsalva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GERD

A
  • gastroesophageal reflux disease

- result of reflux of irritating fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GERD Treatment

A
  • acid-suppressing inhibitor drugs (PPIs)
  • antacids or histamine blockers
  • lifestyle modifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GERD PT Management

A
  • exercise may aggravate
  • decreased Sx with less strenuous exercise
  • avoid supine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Esophageal Neoplasms

A
  • 2 types: squamous cell and adenocarcinoma
  • more in middle aged white men
  • squamous more in blacks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GERD may increase the risk of:

A

-adenocarcinoma via Barrett’s esophagus (precancerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
_____ mades esophageal mucosa more vulnerable to neoplastic changes
-vitamin A and zinc deficiencies
26
Food/drink remaining in esophagus may lead to _____
-ulceration/metaplasia
27
Sx of esophageal neoplasm
- dysphagia w/ or w/o pain - heartburn in supine - enlarged painless lymphnodes - anorexia - weight loss - hoarseness - cough/recurrent pneumonia - bleeding
28
Esophageal Neoplasm Treatment
- surgery - radiation - chemo poor prognosis/rapid metastasis
29
Esophageal Varices
- dilation of veins in lower 1/3 of esophagus | - liver disease-->portal HTN-->varices
30
Variceal bleeding usually manifests as ____
painless but massive hematemesis with or w/o melena
31
Esophageal Varices S/Sx
- postural tachycardia - profound shock - melena - hematemesis - asterixis - ascitis
32
Esophageal Varices Treatment
- pharmacologic - endoscopic - liver transplant
33
Esophageal varices PT management
- avoid valsalva - watch for asterixis - assess fluid retention (ankles) and ascites
34
Stomach Conditions
- Gastritis - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Gastric Cancer
35
Gastritis
- inflammation of stomach lining (gastric mucosa)--not whole wall - most common stomach disorder - 2 types: A and B
36
Gastritis Type A
- associated with pernicious anemia | - less common
37
Gastritis Type B
- bacterial infection - more common (Helicobacter pylori)
38
Acute Gastritis
-often with serious illness (physiologic stress) or meds (NSAIDs)
39
Risk factors with NSAID use:
- >65 - Hx of ulcer disease - NSAIDs >3 months - high dose of multiple NSAIDs - concurrent corticosteroid therapy
40
S/Sx Acute Gastritis
- epigastric pain - abdominal distention - appetite loss - nausea - occult GI Bleeds - heartburn - low-grade fever - vomiting
41
S/Sx Chronic Gastritis
- asymptomatic | - pain/indigestion after eating
42
Acute Gastritis PT Management
- watch for Gastritis in people taking NSAIDs | - edu about side effects, risks, proper use of NSAIDs
43
PUD
- peptic ulcer disease | - break in gastric mucosa or duodenal mucosa
44
Pepsin
- proteolytic enzyme - principle component of gastric juice - catalyst in chemical breakdown of protein
45
S/Sx of PUD
- symptomless until perforation/hemorrhage occur - epigastric pain (burning, gnawing, cramping, aching) - nausea - appetite loss - weight loss - occur in waves - radiate to back (steady T6-T10 pn with duodenal perforation)
46
Risk factor of PUD
- Helicobacter pylori infection (90% of all ulcers) | - NSAIDs
47
S/Sx PUD related to:
-secretion of acid presence of food in stomach
48
PUT Treatment Goals
- relief of Sx - promote healing - prevent complications - prevent recurrence
49
_____ ulcers heal faster than _____ ulcers
duodenal faster than gastric ulcers
50
PUD Treatment
- antimicrobials for H. pylori - antacids, PPIs, histamine blockers - diet mod - surgery for perforation - ex's to decrease risk of GI bleeding (moderate)
51
Signs of GI bleed
- pallor - activity intolerance - fatibue level - vital signs: RR, HR increased
52
Most Common Gastric Cancer
- adenocarcinoma | - (90% of all malignant tumors of stomach)
53
Gastric Cancer Risk Factors
-H. pylori
54
Treatment of Gastric Cancer
-surgical
55
S/Sx Gastric Cancer
- epigastric pn - back pain - paraneoplastic acanthosis - left supraclavicular lymph node enlarged (Virchow's) - umbilical nodule
56
Paraneoplastic Acanthosis
- diffuse thickening of skin with grey/brown/black pigmentation - found in body folds
57
Virchow's Node
- left supraclavicular lymph node | - commonly involved with gastric cancer
58
Intestinal Conditions
- malabsorption syndrome - intestinal ischemia - botulism - inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - diverticular disease - neoplasms - obstructive disease
59
Malabsorption Syndrome
-group of syndromes marked by decreased intestinal absorption/excessive loss of nutrients in stool
60
Causes of Malabsorption Syndrome
- Celiac Disease - Cystic Fibrosis - Crohn's Disease - Chronic Pancreatitis or Pancreatic Carcinoma - Pernicious Anemia - Short-Gut Syndrome
61
Maldgestion
-failure of chemical process of digestion
62
Malabsorption
-failure of intestinal mucosa to absorb digested nutrients
63
Digestive Defects
- Cystic Firbosis: absent pancreatic enzymes | - Lactase Deficiency
64
Absorptive Defects
- primary (celiac disease) | - secondary (inflammatory disease bowel)
65
Types of Malabsorption Conditions Seen in PT
- gastroenteritis due to NSAID use - Fibrosis due to progressive systemic sclerosis or radiation - exocrine deficiency of pancrease due to DM - Short-gut syndrome following extensive resection of bowel
66
Early Symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome
- weight loss - fatigue - depression - abdominal bloating - steatorrhea - nocuria - dermatitis herpetiformis
67
Common Symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome
- explosive &/or chronic diarrhea - abdominal cramps - indigestion - flatulence
68
Later Symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome
- muscle wasting - bone mineral density changes - low BP - abdominal distention - pernicious anemia - clubbed fingers
69
Malabsorption Syndrome can result in:
-pernicious anemia | poor uptake of Vit B12
70
Aging of GI system can result in:
- decreased Intrinsic factor (IF) which promotes B12 absorption - pernicious anemia
71
malabsorption of Calcium, vitamin D and proteins can cause:
- osteoporosis - bone pain from compression Fx - skeletal deformities
72
electrolyte imbalance and low Ca++ can cause
Mm spasms
73
Intestinal Ischemia caused by:
- embolic occlusions of abdominal aorta visceral branches | - arteriosclerotic changes
74
Intestinal Ischemia usually presents with:
- crampy or steady epigastric or periumbilical pain | - can refer to thoracolumbar junction with exertion
75
PT management of intestinal ischemia
- screen back pain pts for: - -CAD risk factors - -PVD/PAD - -recent surgeries - -Hx of blood clots
76
Botulism result from indigestion of:
- E. coli - Camplyobacter listeria - salmonella
77
GI Symptoms of Botulism
- prolonged bloody diarrhea - dehydration - wt loss - fever - nausea - severe abdominal pain
78
Neurologic Sx of Botulism
- motor weakness - paresthesias - CN palsies
79
Treatment of Botulism
-antitoxin
80
IBD
- inflammatory bowel disease | - 2 types (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
81
CD
- Crohn's Disease | - affects all layers of intestine with normal areas between (skip areas)
82
UC
- ulcerative colitis | - affects mucosa and submucosa in continuous pattern (no skips)
83
Cause of CD and UC
-idiopathic
84
CD and UC affect:
-GI tract's ability to distinguish foreign entities from body's antigens
85
Etiology of IBD
- genetic link - immunologic mechanism - run in families
86
Treatment of IBD
- diet/nutrition - palliative - medication - surgical excision
87
IBD PT management
- watch for referred pn to LS - screen all pt with low back/hip/SI pn with unknown origin - aware of low bone mineral content/osteoporosis - watch for dehydration/vascular depletion
88
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
-long courses of antibiotics can decrease colonies of normal GI bacteria-->colonization of yeasts, molds and C. diff-->damage of intestinal mucosa
89
Symptoms of Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
- voluminous watery diarrhea - abdominal cramps/tenderness - fever
90
Clinical Complication of Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
- easily spread to other pts | - hand washing (C. diff)
91
Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
- stop antibiotics - use of meds - IV fluids - antibiotics just for C. diff - probiotics - immunoglobulins
92
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis: watch for
-reactive arthritis
93
reactive arthritis
- acute, aseptic inflammatory arthropathy after infectious process - at site remote from primary infection
94
IBS
- Irritable bowel SYNDROME - group of symptoms - most common disorder of entire GI - No inflammation
95
IBS Cause
- abnormal intestinal contractions - stress/serotonin levels - women>men
96
IBS Treatment
- lifestyle/dietary changes | - medications
97
IBS Symptoms
=/>3 months | -relieved by bowel movement
98
IBS PT Management
- exercise (decrease stress and assist bowel function | - proper breathing/relaxation techniques
99
Diverticulosis
-uncomplicated disease
100
Diverticulitis
-disease with inflammation
101
Diverticula
- outpocketing in intestinal wall | - muscosa/submucosa herniates through muscular layers
102
Diverticular Disease Symptoms
- 80% asymptomatic - passing fresh blood/clots - urgency in defecation - severe abdominal pain (left quadrant, mid-abdominal region-refer to back, pelvic pain) - alternating constipation/diarrhea - increase flatus - fever - anemia (due to blood loss)
103
Diverticular Disease Treatment
- dietary changes - laxatives - exercise - may require antibioticcs - NG Tube - parenteral feedings
104
Neoplasms
- intestinal polyps | - adenocarcinoma
105
Intestinal polyps
- growth protruding into intestinal lumen from mucosa - may be neoplastic (tumor) or non-neoplastic - malignant or benign
106
Adenocarcinoma
-most relevant in colon and rectum
107
Adenocarcinoma Cardinal Sign
-bright-red blood from rectum | differentiate from diverticulosis
108
Adenocarcinoma Symptoms
- persistent stomach pain - diarrhea - constipation - sometimes asymptomatic until metastasis occurs
109
Adenocarcinoma Prevention
- regular colonoscopy after 50 years - decrease risk factors - exercise - daily aspirin/NSAID use >20 year - sigmoidoscopy - healthy diet - no smoking/alcohol
110
Adenocarcinoma Treatment
- surgical removal of tumor (or portion of colon) | - radiation
111
Spread of cancer to prostate can refer pn to:
- sacral/lumbar spines | - vague, dull, achy
112
PT management of Adenocarcinoma
- simultaneous or alternating abdominal pain at same level as back pain - associated GI symptoms
113
Adenocarcinoma Risk Factors
- age - men - adenomatous polyps - UC/CD - cancer elsewhere - Family Hx - Immunodeficiency disease - sedentary - tobacco - low-fiber/high-fat/high-protein diets
114
Obstructive Disease Causes
- organic (ulcer, gallstone, viral infection, neoplasm) - mechanical (actual block) - functional (peristalsis, drug, electrolyte imbalance)
115
Obstructive Disease Progression
-obstruction-->distention-->constipation
116
Symptoms of Obstructive Disease
- cramping pain/tenderness in periumbilical area - costitutional symptoms - dehydration - hypovolemia - metabolic acidosis (w/n 24 hours of obstruction)
117
Paralytic Ileus
- functional obstruction | - after anterior lumbar fusion/abdomina surgery/immobilization
118
Obstructive Disease PT management
-get moving (within limitations by surgeon)
119
mechanical obstruction
- adhesions - intussusception - volvulus - hernia
120
adhesions
-fibrous bands after abdominal surgery
121
intussusception
-telescoping of bowel in on itself
122
volvulus
-torsoin of an intestinal polyp, twisted on it's mesentery
123
hernia
-abnormal protursion of part of an organ/tissue through structure normally containing it
124
Types of Hernias
- inguinal (direct/indirect) [sports hernia] - femoral - umbilical - incisional (ventral)
125
Symptoms of Hernias
- intermittent/persistent bulge - interm/persistent pain - pn increases with change in position, valsalva maneuver, physical exertion - pn relieved by stopping atcitity - fever, tachycardia, vomiting, abdominal distention
126
Treatment of Hernias
-surgical repair (herniorrhaphy)
127
Appendicitis
- inflammation of vermiform appendix | - may progress to necrosis, perforation-->peritonitis
128
Cause of Appendicitis
- 1/2 are idipathic - 1/3 due to obstruction - infection elsewhere - IBD (CD/UC) - tuberculous enteritis
129
Symptoms of Appendicitis
- abdominal pain - anorexia - nausea - vomiting - low-grade fever (higher in children) - TTP over McBurney's point - agg by valsalva, bend over
130
Treatment of Appendicitis
-surgical removal
131
PT management of Appendicitis
- refer to right hip, thigh, groin - screening: palp of McBurney's Point - Blumberg Sign (rebound pn) - local pn on coughing/valsalva
132
Peritonitis
-inflam of serous membrane lining abdominal cavity
133
Primary Peritonitis
-spontaneous
134
Secondary Peritonitis
-due to trauma, surgery, ulceration (contam by bowel contents)
135
Symptoms of Peritonitis
- rigid/board-like abdomen - severe abdominal pn - high fever - nausea - vomiting - Blumberg Sign (rebound pn)
136
Treatment of Peritonitis
- surgical drainage/repair - antibiotics - supportive measures to correct fluid, electrolyte and nutritional disorders
137
Kehr's sign
- left shoulder pain with splenic irritation | - associated with peritonitis due to blood, infectious fluids in abdominal cavity contacting spleen
138
Spleen refers to
-left shoulder
139
Liver refers to
-right shoulder

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions