Endocrine System Anatomy

Question 1

Endocrine System is made of:

Answer 1

-glands that release hormones directly into bloodstream for chemical signaling of target cells

Question 2

Glands Include

Answer 2

• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• pineal gland
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid gland
• thymus
• adrenal glands
• pancreas
• ovaries
• testes

Question 3

Endocrine system helps regulate:

Answer 3

-various body functions by synthesizing and releasing hormones

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

• chemical substances created by body that control body functions
• act as messengers

Question 5

Most Hormones are:

Answer 5

• proteins (amino acids)

- steroids

Question 6

Functions Controlled by Hormones:

Answer 6

• activities of entire organs
• growth and development
• sexual characteristics
• responses to stress/injury
• absorption of nutrients
• energy metabolism
• water/electrolyte balance
• reproduction, birth and lactation

Question 7

Paracrine

Answer 7

-affect cells that produces it and the cells immediately around it

Question 8

Endocrine Glands:

Answer 8

• no duct system

- released into blood

Question 9

Exocrine Glands

Answer 9

• contain ducts

- release out onto surface

Question 10

Hypothalamus secretes hormones that:

Answer 10

-make other endocrine glands secrete their hormones

Question 11

Hypothalamus Location

Answer 11

-base of optic chain

Question 12

Hypothalamus on Pituitary

Answer 12

• secretes hormones that stimulate/suppress hormone release from pituitary gland
• sends neural impulses to pituitary gland

Question 13

Hypothalamus Aids in:

Answer 13

• controlling water balance
• sleep
• temperature
• appetite
• blood pressure

Question 14

Pituitary Gland Locatoin

Answer 14

-base of brain

Question 15

Pituitary gland controls:

Answer 15

-many functions of other endocrine glands

Question 16

Pituitary Gland Parts

Answer 16

• Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

- neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Question 17

Adenohypophysis

Answer 17

-produces and secretes 6 hormones in response to commands from hypothalamus

Question 18

Neurohypophysis

Answer 18

-releases ADH and oxytocin

Question 19

Types of Pituitary Gland Hormones (ant)

Answer 19

• Trophic (stimulate other endocrine)

- Effector (Hormones acting on certain body tissues)

Question 20

Trophic Hormones (ant pit gland to other glands)

Answer 20

• (FLAT)
• FSH
• LH
• ACTH
• TSH

Question 21

Hormones that go to specific tissues (ant pit)

Answer 21

• (PEG)
• prolactin
• endorphines
• growth hormones

Question 22

TSH

Answer 22

• thyroid stimulating hormone

- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thryroid hormones

Question 23

ACTH

Answer 23

• adrenocorticotropic hormone

- produces steroids

Question 24

FSH

Answer 24

• follicle stimulating hormone

- regulates various sexual characteristics

Question 25

LH

Answer 25

- Luteinizing hormone | - regulate various sexual characteristics

Question 26

PRL

Answer 26

- Prolactin | - stimulates breast milk production

Question 27

GH

Answer 27

- Growth Hormone - stimulates protein synthesis & cell division in cartilage/bone (somatotropin, human growth hormone)

Question 28

Hormones of Neurohypophysis

Answer 28

- Antidiuretic Hormones | - oxytocin

Question 29

ADH

Answer 29

- antidiuretic hormones | - controls concentration of body fluids

Question 30

Oxytocin

Answer 30

- stimulates contraction of uterus | - milk letdown reflex in lactating females

Question 31

Pineal body location

Answer 31

-below corpus callosum

Question 32

Pineal Body produces

Answer 32

- melatonin | - to regulate sleep cycles

Question 33

Melatonin

Answer 33

-to regulate sleep cycles

Question 34

Location of thyroid/parathyroid gland

Answer 34

-front of neck, below larynx

Question 35

Thyroid gland plays important role in:

Answer 35

-metabolism

Question 36

Thyroid and parathyroid glands play role in:

Answer 36

-regulating calcium balance

Question 37

Thyroid Gland Hormones

Answer 37

- thryroxine (T4) - Triiodothyronine (T3) - Calcitonin

Question 38

Thyroid follicles

Answer 38

-produce thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)

Question 39

Thyroid Hormone Impacts:

Answer 39

- body growth - metabolic rates - development of bones/skeletal muscle - sensitivity of cardiovascular system to sympathetic activity (mntn normal HR)

Question 40

Parafollicular cells

Answer 40

- between thyroid gland follicles | - produce calcitonin

Question 41

Calcitonin

Answer 41

-lowers blood calcium

Question 42

Parathyroid Gland Hormones

Answer 42

-PTH (parathyroid hormones)

Question 43

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 43

- increases blood calcium | - stimulates bone calcium release into blood

Question 44

Thymus location

Answer 44

- in the upper part of chest & produces T-lymphocytes (WBC) | - thymosine (hormone)

Question 45

Adrenal Gland location

Answer 45

-on top of kidneys

Question 46

Adrenal Gland Parts

Answer 46

- adrenal cortex (outer) | - adrenal medulla (inner)

Question 47

Adrenal Cortex Releases

Answer 47

- Corticosteroids - gluticocorticoids [cortisol] - mineralocorticoids [aldosterone] - gonadocorticoids [estrogen, testosterone, progesterone]

Question 48

at 80-90% of VO2 max, you start releasing:

Answer 48

-cortisol

Question 49

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 49

- raise blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis | - ensures glucose supply for when body is in stress

Question 50

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 50

-promote sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion by stimulating the kidneys

Question 51

Gonadocorticoids

Answer 51

-estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

Question 52

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 52

- develops from nervous tissue | - controlled by autonomic NS (sympathetic NS)

Question 53

Adrenal Medulla Secretes;

Answer 53

- epinephrine (adrenaline | - norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Question 54

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Answer 54

-chemicals from adrenal medulla that raise levels of blood sugar and fatty acids

Question 55

Pancreas plays a role in ___ & ____

Answer 55

- digestion | - hormone production

Question 56

Exocrine function of pancreas

Answer 56

-digestion

Question 57

Endocrine function of pancreas

Answer 57

- insulin production | - glucose metabolism

Question 58

Adipose Tissue secretes:

Answer 58

-hormones responsible for metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction & cellular growth/development

Question 59

Adipose Tissue Hormones

Answer 59

- adiponectin | - leptin