Flashcards in Metabolic System Deck (37):
1
Metabolic System
-physical and chemical process transforming food into energy and elements for cellular rebuilding
2
Phases of Metabolism
-anabolic
-catabolic
3
Metabolic system helps with maintaining
-fluid and electrolyte balance
-(and homeostasis)
--osmotic pressure
--acid-base balance
--Anion-cation balance
4
Metabolic Disorders
-any problem in body that causes loss of metabolic control of the body's steady state
-most are inherited (autosomal recessive)
5
Ex. Metabolic Disorders
-Paget's Disease
-Phenylketonuria (PKU)
-Metabolic Syndrome
-Obesity
6
Paget's Disease
-bone cells increase in number, become larger and more active
-Osteoblast defect
-Bone turnover incr up to 40x and new bone is abnormal in shape/structure/weaker
7
Paget's Disease S/Sx
-headache
-deep boring constant pain
-CN VIII can be involved
-hearing loss
8
Paget's Disease Tx
-PT (incr mm strength, pn control, low/no impact WB)
-pharmacological (bisphosphonates)
-Pain management (analgesics)
-surgery
9
PKU
-Phenylketonuria
-genetic disease
-phenylalanine builds up in circulation-->brain damage
10
genetic component of PKU
-caused by mutations in the gene coding for phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme
-phenylalanine builds up in blood
11
Newborn infants routinely screened for ______
-PKU
-tested by blood tests
12
PKU S/Sx
-mousy odor
13
Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis
3 of 5 of below:
-central obesity
-HTN
-High Triglycerides
-low HDL
-Insulin resistance
14
Metabolic Syndrome Management
-decr sodium intake
-diet
-exercise
-control HTN
-weight loss
15
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
-waist circumference index to determine risk for metabolic syndrome
Male: >102 cm (ratio >0.8 = central obesity)
-Female: >88 cm (ratio >1.0 = central obesity)
16
____ causes increase risk for DM 2, Stroke, CAD
Metabolic Syndrome
17
Obesity
-weight greater than 20% of ideal weight for body structure and height
-BMI >30
18
Obesity Pathogenesis
-neuroendocrine dysfunction cauesd by impairment of CNS function (genetic mutations/deletions) that disrupts normal food intake and body-weight control
19
Ideal BMI
20-24.9
20
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
21
Obesity BMI
30-34.9
22
Moderate Obesity BMI
35-39.9
23
Morbid Obesity BMI
40-49.9
24
Super Obesity BMI
50+
25
2nd Most common preventable cause of death in the US
-inactivity + eating the wrong foods
(smoking #1)
26
Obese individuals have fewer :
-ATPase pumps
-use less energy & expend fewer callories
27
Theories of Obesity Causes
-fewer ATPase pumps
-Adipose cell theory (higher # of fat cells)
-some have more lipoprotein, lipase (assists fat depositions into fat cells
-Microbial Theory
-Viral Infection theory
-Hormonal Dysfunctions
-environmental
28
Microbial Theory
Flora in GI tract causing more things to be digested and utilized differently
29
Viral Infection Theory
virus linked to obesity
30
Hormonal Dysfunction
-HPA (hypothalamus pituitary axis) causing abnormal cortisol secretion causing abnormal metab of sugar
31
Obesity Clinical Manifestations
-excess body fat
-SOB
-atherosclerosis
-HTN
-cardiomyopathy
-increased susceptibility to infection
-fatigue
-irritability
-menstrual disorders/infertility
-psychological disturbances
-irritability
-loneliness
-depression
-binge eating
-tension
32
Risk Factors Associated with Increase Morbidity/Mortality in Obese Persons
-Coronary Artery Disease
-DM 2
-Sleep Apnea
-Osteoarthritis
-Gallstones
-Stress Incontinence
-Cigarette Smoking
-Age >45 (M); >55 (FM)
-postmenopausal women
-HTN
-LDL >160 mg/dL
-HDL
33
Obesity Assessment
-Physical exam
-BMI
-Skin fold measurements
34
Surgical Intervention for Obesity
-vertical banded gastroplasty
-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
-Vagal nerve block
35
Vagal Nerve Block
-indicated for BMI 40+ with HTN, high cholesterol etc.
-reduces hunger and incr feelings of satiety
36
Potential Hazards of Exercise for the Obese Patient
-precipitation of angina or MI
-excessive rise in BP
-Aggravation of degenerative arthritis
-Ligamentous injuries
-Excessive Sweating
-Skin disorders (chafing)
-dehydration/decr blood volume
-heat stroke/exhaustion
37