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Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans > endo p 317 - 321 > Flashcards

endo p 317 - 321 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what is another name for growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

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2
Q

what are the 3 functions of growth hormone?

A
  1. stimulates linear growth
  2. stimulates muscle mass
  3. inc insulin resistance (diabetogenic)
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3
Q

growth hormone stimulates muscle mass through

A

IGF-1 (somatomedin C)

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4
Q

2 functions of ghrelin?

A
  1. stimulates hunger (orexigenic effet)

2. release GH via GH secretagog receptor

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5
Q

ghrelin is produced by

A

stomach

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6
Q

ghrelin is inc with what 2 conditions?

A
  1. inc with sleep loss

2. prader-willi syndrome

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7
Q

leptin is

A

satiety hormone

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8
Q

leptin is made by

A

adipose tissue

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9
Q

mutation is what gene causes congenital obesity?

A

mutation of leptin gene

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10
Q

what condition leads to dec leptin production?

A

sleep deprivation

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11
Q

what stimulates cortical reward centers and inc desire for high fat foods?

A

endocannabinoids

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12
Q

what receptor regulates serum osmolarity and blood pressure?

A

V1 - receptors –> regulate bp

V2 –> regulate osmolarity

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13
Q

antidiuretic hormone is synthesized in

A

supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

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14
Q

name hormones/signaling pathways associated with intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF, MAP kinase pathway, (think growth factors)

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15
Q

calcitonin opposes the action of

A

PTH

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16
Q

calcitonin blocks what type of bone cell?

A

osteoclast

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17
Q

zona fasciculata produces

A

glucocorticoids

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18
Q

zona reticularis produces

A

androgens

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19
Q

zona glomerulosa produces

A

mineralocorticoid

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20
Q

ACTH stimulates what enzyme?

A

cholesterol desmolase

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21
Q

cholesterol desmolase is inhibited by

A

ketoconazole

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22
Q

cholesterol desmolase converts cholesterol to

A

pregnenolone

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23
Q

what are the 2 roles of 17 alpha hydroxylase?

A
  1. converts pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

2. converts pregesterone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

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24
Q

2 drugs that block aromatase

Study These Flashcards
A

anastrozole, exemestane

25
what blocks 5 alpha reductase?
finasteride
26
symptoms of 17 alpha hydroxylase def in XY/XX
XY: ambiguous genitalia, undescended testes XX: lacks secondary sexual development
27
what blocks the conversion of cortisol to cortisone?
glycyrrhetic acid
28
what stimulates aldosterone synthase?
angiotensin II
29
what enzyme def is associated with dec renin?
11 beta hydroxylase
30
what enzyme def is associated with inc renin and inc 17 hydroxy progesterone?
21-hydroxylase
31
2 reasons that cortisol inc blood pressure
1. upregulates alpha 1 receptors on arterioles --> inc sensitivity to norepinephrine and epinephrine 2. at high conc., can bind to aldosterone receptor
32
what property of cortisol lead to purple striae?
dec fibroblast activity
33
cortisol dec bone formation by dec activity of what cell?
osteoblast
34
what is the level of renin and aldosterone in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?
low renin, low aldo
35
what is the potassium level high or low in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?
low
36
what explains the low serum K+ in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?
11-deoxycorticosterone acts similar to aldoesterone leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
37
what congenital adrenal enzyme def mimics addison dz?
21 hydroxylase def (b/c of high ACTH and low cortisol, hyperkalemia)
38
what congenital adrenal enzyme def mimics conn's syndrome?
both 17 alpha hydroxylase def and 11 beta hydroxylase def (b/c of low renin activity, hypokalemia due to high 11 DOC)
39
how is cortisol regulated?
CRH from hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release from pituitary that stimulates cortisol production in adrenal zona fasciculata
40
describe the effect of excess cortisol on CRH, ACTH?
dec CRH, dec ACTH
41
what acid/alkalosis disturbance can lead to hypocalcemia?
alkalosis (inc pH) --> inc affinity of albumin to bind Ca2+, leading to hypocalcemia
42
symptoms of hypocalcemia?
cramps, pain, paresthesias, carpopedal spasm
43
what are the effects of inc sex hormone binding globulin in men and women?
in men, inc SHBG leads to low free testosterone --> gynecomastia in women, dec SHBG leads to inc free testosterone --> hirsutism
44
what 2 conditions lead to inc SHBG in women?
OCPs, pregnancy (b/c estrogen inc SHBG synthesis)
45
name the 4 functions of parathyroid hormone
1. inc bone resorption of Ca2+ and PO43- 2. inc kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ in distal convoluted tubule 3. dec reabsorption of PO43- in proximal convoluted tubule 4. inc 1, 25 (OH)2D3 (calcitriol) production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase in proximal convoluted tubule
46
explain how PTH leads to the activation of osteoclast which leads to inc serum Ca2+
inc production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANK-L (receptor activator of NF-KB ligand)
47
RANK-L (ligand) is secreted by
osteoblast
48
RANK (receptor) is on what cell?
osteoclast
49
how does RANK-L and RANK interact to stimulate Ca2+ release?
RANK-L (ligand) secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes binds RANK (receptor) on osteoclasts and their precursors to stimulate osteoclasts and inc Ca2+
50
will low serum Mg2+ stimulate or inhibit PTH secretion? | what about very low serum Mg2+?
stimulate PTH (however, very low serum Mg2+ dec PTH)
51
name 4 common causes of low serum Mg2+, thus can cause hyperparathyroidism
1. diarrhea 2. aminoglycoside 3. diuretics 4. alcohol
52
name all the hormones that use cAMP
FLAT ChAMP ``` FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2 receptor) MSH PTH calcitonin GHRH glucagon ```
53
name all the hormones that use cGMP
ANP, BNP, NO
54
name all the hormones that use IP3
GOAT HAG ``` GnRH Oxytocin ADH TRH Histamine Angiotensin II Gastrin ```
55
name all the hormones that use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase
PIGGLET ``` Prolactin Immunomodulators (cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, IFN) GH G-CSF Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin ```
56
2 functions of vit D?
1. inc absorption of dietary Ca2+ and PO43- | 2. inc bone resorption --> inc Ca2+ and PO43- absorption
57
what form of vit D is from sun exposure?
D3
58
what form of vit D is from ingested from plants?
D2

Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans (41 decks)

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