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Question 1

what tissue mediator is associated with induction of vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration?

Answer 1

PDGF

Question 2

what tissue mediator stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis?

Answer 2

PDGF

Question 3

what stimulates angiogenesis? (Name 2.)

Answer 3

FGF, VEFG

Question 4

enzyme responsible for tissue remodeling?

Answer 4

metalloproteinases

Question 5

name 3 roles of TGF-B

Answer 5

1. angiogenesis
2. fibrosis
3. cell cycle arrest

Question 6

what stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinase?

Answer 6

EGF

Question 7

EGF binds to EGFR which is expressed by what gene?

Answer 7

ERBB2

Question 8

name 2 mediators that stimulate angiogenesis?

Answer 8

FGF, TGF-B

Question 9

name 3 phases of wound healing process?

Answer 9

1. inflammatory (up to 3 days after wound)
2. proliferative (day3 - weeks)
3. remodeling (1week - 6 months after wound)

Question 10

what wound healing process is associated with deposition of granulation tissue and collagen, agniogeneiss and epithelial cell proliferation?

Answer 10

proliferative (3days - weeks)

Question 11

during what period does type 3 collagen is replaced by type 1?

Answer 11

remodeling (1 week - 6+ months)

Question 12

what is the advantage of having type 1 collagen instead of type 3?

Answer 12

higher tensile strength of tissue

Question 13

metalloproteinase works during what phase of wound healing process?

Answer 13

remodeling (1 week - 6 month)

Question 14

what wound phase healing is associated with dissolution of clot and wound contraction?

Answer 14

proliferative (day3 - 1 week)

Question 15

which cell mediates wound contraction?

Answer 15

myofibroblast

Question 16

at what point does macrophage clear debris?

Answer 16

2 days after the wound

Question 17

what are the 3 main mediators during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Answer 17

platelets, neutrophils, macrophages

Question 18

why is it important to test for latent TB before you give anti-TNF therapy?

Answer 18

anti-TNF drugs can cause sequestering granulomas to break down, leading to disseminated dz

Question 19

what causes inc ESR?

Answer 19

production of inflammation such as fibrinogen coats RBCs and cause aggregation making RBC aggregates faster during inflammation

Question 20

Name 5 conditions that give you dec ESR

Answer 20

1. sickle cell anemia
2. polycythemia
3. HF
4. Microcytosis
5. Hypofibrinogenemia

Question 21

why does polycythemia lead to dec ESR?

Answer 21

b/c inc RBC number leads to diluted aggregation factors such as fibrinogen

Question 22

what 6 conditions give you inc ESR?

Answer 22

1. most anemias
2. infections
3. inflammation
4. cancer
5. pregnancy
6. autoimmune dz

Question 23

why is it that you get dec ESR in sickle cell anemia?

Answer 23

b/c of the altered shape

Question 24

in what type of irreversible condition would you see giant cells with single large nucleus or several nuclei?

Answer 24

anaplasia

Question 25

define desmoplasia

Answer 25

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Question 26

what is an example of desmoplasia?

Answer 26

linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer

Question 27

what GI path is associated with "linitis plastica?"

Answer 27

stomach cancer (diffuse)

Question 28

define anaplasia

Answer 28

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells resembling primitive cells of same tissue

Question 29

what is P-glycoprotein also known as?

Answer 29

multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)

Question 30

what cancers are associated with multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)?

Answer 30

adrenal cell carcinoma, colon/liver cancer cells

Question 31

what change is associated with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size?

Answer 31

dysplasia

Question 32

cell cell contact is lost by

Answer 32

inactivation of E cadherin

Question 33

in "seed and soil" theory of metastasis, provide example of seed and soil

Answer 33

``` seed = tumor embolus soil = target organ is often the first encountered capillary bed (liver, lungs, bone, brain etc) ```

Question 34

what type of amyloidosis is associated with fibrils composed of beta2-microglobulin in pts with ESRD who is on long term dialysis

Answer 34

dialysis related

Question 35

what symptom may present with dialysis related amyloidosis?

Answer 35

carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 36

what is the example of heritable amyloidosis?

Answer 36

familial amyloid polyneuropathies

Question 37

what is the defect in familial amyloid polyneuropathies?

Answer 37

due to transthyretin gene mutation

Question 38

name all the pathologies associated with primary (AL) amyloidosis

Answer 38

1. plasma cell disorder (multiple myeloma) 2. nephrotic syndrome 3. restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 39

name all the symptoms that can be present with primary (AL) amyloidosis?

Answer 39

1. cardiac (arrhythmia) 2. hematologic (easy bruising, splenomegaly) 3. GI (hepatomegaly) 4. neurologic (neuropathy)

Question 40

what type of amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions?

Answer 40

AA secondary

Question 41

in secondary amyloidosis what is the fibril made of?

Answer 41

serum amyloid A (SAA) which becomes AA

Question 42

what happens in age related (senile) systemic amyloidosis?

Answer 42

deposition of normal (wild type) transthyretin in myocardium and other sites

Question 43

name examples of organ specific amyloidosis?

Answer 43

Alzheimer dz, DM2

Question 44

explain the formation of deposit in Alzheimer

Answer 44

deposition of beta amyloid protein cleaved from amyloid precursor protein

Question 45

what deposit is seen in DM2?

Answer 45

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

Question 46

in DM2, islet amyloid polypeptide is cause by deposition of

Answer 46

amylin in pancreatic islets

Question 47

what is Lipofuscin formed by?

Answer 47

oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes