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BVetMed 1 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

The study of hormones

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Secreted directly into the blood by discrete specialised cells in response to a sepecific stimulus.

The amounts vary with teh strength of the stimulus and transported to distant target where it exerts special effects.

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Responsible for hormone production, secreting into bloodstream.

Other organs can produce it.

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4
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries/testis

Also stomach, small intestines, adipose tissue and kidney

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5
Q

What is the reproduction axis?

A

Hypothalamus - GnRH
Anterior pituitary - FSH/LH
Target organ gonads - Androgens, oestrogens and progestins
Effect - reproduction

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6
Q

What is the growth axis?

A

Hypothalamus - GnRH (+) and Somatostatin (-)
Anterior pituitary - GH
Target organ Liver - IGF - 1
Growth

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7
Q

What is the metabolism axis?

A

Hypothalamus - TRH (+) and Somatostatin (-)
Anterior pituitary - TSH
Target organ thyroid - Thyroid hormones
Metabolism

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8
Q

What is the milk production axis

A

Hypothalamus - TRH (+) and DA (-)
Anterior pituitary - Prolactin
Mammary gland
Milk production

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9
Q

What is the inflammation axis?

A

Crh
ACTH
Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids
Inflammation/metabolism

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10
Q

How are hormones classified?

A

Proteins/peptide hormones

Steroid hormones from cholesterol

Amino acid derivatives

FA derivatives

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11
Q

What are examples of protein and peptide hormones?

A

Insulin and LH

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12
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol and oestradiol

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13
Q

What are examples of amino acid derived hormones?

A

Thyroxine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

What are examples of fatty acid derived hormones?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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15
Q

What are details of protein and peptide hormones?

A

Vary in size
Peptide hormones - only a single chain of AA
Protein hormones - larger chains of AA or peptide chains

Stored in secretory vesicles until needed

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16
Q

What are examples of peptide hormones?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone - only 3AA residues

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone - 10AA

17
Q

What are glycoprotein peptide hormones?

A

Large molecules that are glycosylated, often with two distinct peptide chains (alpha and beta) joined by non-covalent bonds

18
Q

What are examples of glycoprotein peptide hormones?

A

Gonadotrophin - LH and FSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Both from anterior pituitary

19
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

A large class of lipids, synthesied mainly in adrenal cortex, testis, ovary and placenta

Precursor is cholesterol

Common ring structure, 3 6-membered rings and a 1 5-membered ring.

20
Q

What are hormones derived from amino acids?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Thyroid hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine (both from tyrosine)

21
Q

What are hormones from fatty acids?

A

Eicosanoids, two major classes:
- Prostaglandins
-Leukotrienes

Derived from aracidonic acid, with short half life so act near site of synthesis

22
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Formed in most tissues of body, type depends on down stream enzyme present.

PGD2, PGE2, PGF2a, PGI2 and TXA2

e.g. uterus - in implantation and parturition
seminal vesicles - sperm motility

23
Q

How do hormones exert their effects?

A

Binding to a receptor either on cell surface or intracellular

24
Q

What is gonadotrophin releasing hormone?

A

10 AAs
Synthesised in the hypothalamus
Derived from post-translation modification of precursor molecule
Secreted in pulsatile manner
Half life is 7mins in eyes

Leads to gonadotrophin release

25
Q

What are the gonadotrophin hormones?

A

LH and FSH are glycoproteins

Secreted by anterior pituitary

LH - half life of 30 mins
FSH - half life of 3-4 hours

26
Q

What does FSH lead to ?

A

Males - sperm production by testes and forms of oestradiol (sertoli cells)
Females - growth and maturation of follicle, ova production and secretion of oestradiol (granulosa cells)

27
Q

What does LH lead to?

A

Males - stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes (leydig cells)
Females - with FSH stimulates oestradiol synthesis and ovulation. Stimulates formation of CL and progesterone secretion.

28
Q

What steriod hormones do the gonads produce?

A

Progestins (progesterone)
Oestrogens (oestradiol)
Androgens (testosterone)

29
Q

How are steroid hormones produced?

A

Cholesterol -> Progestins -> Androgens -> Oestrogens

BVetMed 1 (53 decks)

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