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bvetmed 1 > Neurology - basics > Flashcards

Neurology - basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphological classification of the NS?

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - everything else incl cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

Direction of flow classification?

A

Afferent/sensory system - information toward from CNS/PNS

Efferent/motor system - information away from CNS/PNS

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3
Q

Physiological classification?

A

Somatic/voluntary - coordinates voluntary control

Visceral/involuntary - involuntary activities such as digestion

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4
Q

What is grey and white matter?

A

Grey matter - cell bodies
White matter - axons

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

Via the carotis arteries, which pools in cerebral arterial circle before distributed to the brian.

Brain requires rich blood supply.

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6
Q

What is the ventricular system of the brain?

A

A system of cavities through the brain, which contain ependymal cells. These secrete cerebrospinal fluid from the choroid plexus.

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7
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Its ultra-filtrated blood, containing glucose and minerals for nutrition and provides shock support.

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8
Q

What are the layers that protect the brain?

A

Skull bone
-Epidural space
-Dura mater
-Subdural space
-Arachnoid layer
-Subarachnoid space
-Pia mater

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9
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Loose connective tissues, veins and lymphatics. This cusions the brain.

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10
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Thick, dense fibrous tissue fused with bone

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11
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Contains lubricating fluid

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12
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

Has cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels providing nutrition and cushioning

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13
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid leaking from the ventricular system with varying thickness

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14
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

A thin layer on the brain with many tiny blood vessels.

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15
Q

What are the elevations and depressions called?

A

Folds - gyri
Grooves - sulci

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16
Q

What is the peripheral NS?

A

links the environment with the central nervous system using efferent and afferent fibres.

All spinal nerves are a mix of sensory and motor.

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17
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Sensory
I - olfactory
II - optic
VIII - vestibulocochlear

Motor
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
VI - abducten
XI - accessory
XII - hypoglossal

Mixed
V - trigeminal
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus

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18
Q

What is the anatomy of the neurones?

A

Cell body/soma - converts signal to membrane potential, contains nucleus

Dendrites/receptor segment - conducts impulse and recieves information

Axon/neurone fibre - relays impulses to other neurones and effector organs. Myelinated for insulation by Schwann cells in PNS and Oligodendrocytes in CNS

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19
Q

What are the protein molecules on the nerve membrane?

A

Receptor proteins - bind to neurotransmitters
Channel proteins - acts as pores for ion movements
Transport proteins - transfer ions

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20
Q

What are the different classifications of neurones?

A

Multipolar - most common. Multiple dendrites and one axon e.g. motor neurones
Bipolar - one dendrite and one axon e.g. olfactory, retina and ear. Cell body in middle.
Pseudopolar - sensory information from skin and organs to spinal cord e.g. sensory neurones

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21
Q

What makes up the support matrix?

A

Neuroglia surrounds neurones and supports it all. Capable of mitotic activity.

Fibrillary and protoplasmic astrocytes - nourishment and metabolic support

Oligodendrocytes - insulate the cells of CNS

Microglia - macrophages of the CNS and 10-15% of the brain cells

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22
Q

Action potential formation?

A

Resting potential - usually -75mV, due to electrical difference across the membrane. Maintained due to selective permeability (readily in to K+ and slightly to Na+) and sodium-potassium pump (Na+ out and K+ in)

Action potential - voltage gated Na+ channels open, Na+ floods in. Up to +30mV.

Repolarisation - Na+ gates close and K+ open, removing K+ from inside and bringing back down to -90mV.

23
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the end?

A
  1. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, leading to an influx of Ca2+
  2. This causes vesicles with neurotransmitters to fuse to membrane, releasing contents into synapse.
  3. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors
  4. Neurotransmitters are then either recycled or broken down by an enzyme
23
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the end?

A
  1. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, leading to an influx of Ca2+
  2. This causes vesicles with neurotransmitters to fuse to membrane, releasing contents into synapse.
  3. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors
  4. Neurotransmitters are then either recycled or broken down by an enzyme
24
Q

What are the types of neurotransmitters?

A

Peptides that are either excitatory, inhibitory or modulatory. Two main types:
-ACh, Acetylcholine - released at neuromuscular junctions and ANS.
>Nicotinic receptors - preganglionic neurones in neuromuscular junctions and autonomic nS
>Muscarinic receptors - pre- and post-ganglionic in parasympathetic and pre-ganglionic sympathetic

-NAd, Catecholamines - in sympathetic nervous system on post-ganglionic neurones.
>Adrenoreceptors, B1 in heart excitatory, B2 smooth muscle relaxatory

Also glutamine (brain), glycine (SC inhibitor), GABA (CNS inhibitor), dopamine, serotonin

25
Q

What can block neurotransmitters?

A

Agonists - make transmission more likely
e.g. preventing reuptake of neurotransmitters (prozac/cocaine), trigger the receptor itself (nicotine) or making receptor more responsive (anti-anxiety)

Antagonists - make transmission less likely.
e.g. blocking receptor site (snake venom) or preventing release of neurotransmitter (anti-psychotic drugs)

26
Q

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic - slows down
Sympathetic - speeds up

27
Q

What makes up the somatic nervous system?

A

Sense organs and voluntary muscles

Afferent - toward CNS
Efferent - away from CNS

28
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

29
Q

Whats an example of a reflex arc?

A

Organ>Sensory receptor>Visceral afferent>Integrating centre>Pre-/Post-efferent>visceral efector

30
Q

What is the efferent 2-neurone system?

A
  1. Pre-ganglionic in CNS - longer in parasympathetic, shorter in sympathetic. Typically uses ACh
  2. Post-ganglionic in PNS -
    > Longer in sympathetic and shorter in parasympathetic. Located very near, if not in the walls of the effector organs
    > Parasympathetic uses ACh and sympathetic uses NAd
31
Q

Does the somatic nervous system have 2 neurone system?

A

No it is just one neruone from CNS to skeletal muscle

32
Q

What is the nerve distribution of sympathetic system?

A

They originate in the lateral horns of T1 - 12 and L2-3 of spinal cord (thoracolumbar)

33
Q

What is the nerve distribution of the parasympathetic system?

A

Originates in brainstem (II, VII, IX and X) and in S2-4. The most important is X which arises from the medulla oblongata.

34
Q

What is the somatic nervous system??

A

Makes up part of peripheral nervous system involving voluntary movement.

35
Q

What makes up the SNS?

A
  1. Afferent nerves - reception of internal and external stimuli
  2. Processing centre - somatomotor cortex and cerebellum down to spinal cord
  3. Efferent nerves - from CNA to skeletal muscle to move the limb

Only one neuronal pathway with ACh.

36
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction synapse/

A

Between nerve and muscles. Its grooved to fit the surface of skeletal muscle and increase surface area. It contracts a muscle completely (all or nothing)

37
Q

What does a Golgi receptor do?

A

Measures muscle tension via tendons

38
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Measure muscle length

39
Q

What do meisner corpuscles do?

A

Measure light touch

40
Q

What do merkels disks do?

A

Measure deep touch

41
Q

what do pacinan corpuscles do?

A

Measure pain/deep pressure

42
Q

What do ruffini corpuscles do?

A

Measure stretch

43
Q

What do free nerve endings do?

A

Measure pain

44
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Does not pass the brain to allow quick movement. Brain does eventually recieve sensory input while the action is occuring.

Receptor > sensory neurone > spinal cord > interneuron > motor neurone > effort organ

45
Q

What is the patella reflex?

A
  1. Tapping patella stretches quad
  2. Sensory neurones fire to spinal cord
  3. Spinal cord detects signal and sends a response via interneurone. L4-L6 for femoral nerve leads to stifle extension
  4. Motor neurone carries response to muscle contracting the quads
46
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex?

A
  1. Forceps pinch web between toes
  2. Pain receptors fire to spinal cord
  3. Spinal cord detects signal and sends reponse via interneurone. L6-S1 via sciatic nerve.
  4. Flexor muscles and limb is protracted (hamstring)
47
Q

What other reflexes are there?

A

-Cranial tibial reflex via peroneal nerve (L6-7)
-Perineal reflex via pudendal nerve (S1-3)

48
Q

What is the largest foramen?

A

Foramen magnum - passage for the centra nervous system, connecting brain and SC

49
Q

What are the intervertebral space and foramina?

A

Intervertebral foramen is the root of spinal nerves, arteries and ligaments.

Vertebral foramina - vertebral canal

Transverse foramen - holes by big hole, occupied by veins/arteries

50
Q

What is the antlo-occipital joint?

A

Base of head, where it joins the vertebrae

51
Q

How far do the nerves go down the spine?

A

To L1-2 and then spread to cauda equina

52
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia?

A

A collection of nerves that emergy from the dorsal root of spinal nerves

53
Q

What are the four main nerves in the forelimb?

A

bvetmed 1 (53 decks)

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