Alimentary - Introduction Flashcards by Alice Harsant

What does the headgut consist of ?

Oral cavity incl lips, tongue, teeth and salivary glands
Pharynx incl epiglottis

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What does the foregut consist of?

Oesophagus
Stomach

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What does the midgut consist of?

Small intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum)
Liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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What does the hindgut consist of?

Large intestines (caecum, colon and rectum)
Anal canal

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What is the function of saliva?

-Moisture and lubricate food
-Mastication
-Bolus formation
-Enzymatic digestion (alpha amylase)
-Swallowing
(Ruminants) - Buffering microflora

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What produces saliva?

Glands are made of acini (small sacs)

White foamy - mucosal
Pink - watery/serous

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What type of glands are there?

Parotid glands
Submaxillary/mandibular glands
Sublingual glands
Zygomatic glands (only in carnivores)

Minor glands (labial/buccal)

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What type of saliva does the parotid gland produce?

Ruminants - serious
Dogs - mixed

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What type of saliva does submaxillary/mandibular glands produce?

Mixture

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What type of saliva does the sublingual glands produce?

Mucosal

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What type of saliva does the zygomatic gland produce?

Mucosal

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What type of saliva does the minor glands produce?

Mucousal

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What is the anatomy of the oesophagus?

Long tube from pharynx to stomach. 1-2’ wide.

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Tunica Muscularis
-Serosa/Adventitia

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What is the mucosal lining made of in the oesophagus?

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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What is the submucosa made of in the oesophagus?

Elastic and collagen fibres forming a dense and irregular connective tissue. Blood and lymph vessels

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What is the tunica muscularis made of in the oesophagus?

Longitudinal muscle (superficial)
Circular muscle (deep)

Skeletal and smooth muscle, with mostly smooth descending

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What is the basic function of the stomach?

Acts as flexible temporary food container filled with rugae, which have gastric pits.

What are the regions of the stomach?

Cardiac region - incl cardiac sphincter
Fundus region - secretes hormones responsible for feeling of hunger and dilates when stomach is stretched stimulating vagus nerve. Additional gastric glands
Body - gastric glands
Pyloric region - incl. pyloric sphinter and pyloric spine

What are the histological layers of the stomach?

-Mucosa
-Mucosa muscularis - helps push the gland cell contents
-Submucosa
-Tunica Muscularis - 3 layers
-Serosa/Adventitia

What makes up the small intestine?

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

What is the duodenum?

The first part of the small intestine which chyme sprays into. Buffered to help with HCl that escapes through, secreted from Brunners gland (mucous).

Has different ducts (papillae) connecting to pancreas and liver

What is the jejunum?

Second and longest part of SI. Long and thin for slow time
Most nutrient absorption occurs

What is the ileum?

Final and smallest part
Lots of lymphatic cells and nodes

How does the small intestine move?

Peristalsis

Enteric nervous system

Movement is back and forth

What does the liver do?

Synthesis of bile (stored in gall bladder) Storage of glucagon and fat Biotransformation of toxins Synthesis of blood components Defence system e.g. Kupfer cells

What is the circulation of the liver?

Receives nutrient rich deoxygenated blood from gut via portal vein and oxygenated blood from circulation via hepatic artery. Anamatose to supply hepatocytes, via sinusoid. Through central vein to caudal vena cava

What does the histology of the liver look like?

Sheets of connective tissues with lobules, which are hexagonal with portal triads at vertices and central vein in middle.

Whats a portal triad?

Formed of: Hepatic artery - thicker wall Portal vein wider and thinner Bile duct - columnar epithelium Heads towards the central vein and all joins

What is the gall bladder?

Stores bile Stimulated by CKK Made up of columnar epithelium

What does the pancreas do?

Produced digestive enzymes and hormones which drain into duodenal epithelium.

What is the anatomy of the pancreas?

Found on the right side of abdomen, adjacent to duodenum. Supplied by splenic artery divided into lobules by septae Cuboidal epithelium

What are the two types of cells in the pancreas?

Exocrine cells - Made up of acini Endocrine cells - Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

What do the exocrine cells produce?

Acini produce digestive enzymes such as lipases Stains purple

What do the endocrine cells produce?

alpha -glucagon beta -insulin gamma - pancreatic polypeptide Stains pink - less frequent

What is the caecum?

A small blind sac responsible for the microbiome secretion, breaking down fibre and cellulose.

Dogs/humans - caecum?

Non-functional, part of the appendix

Ruminants - caecum?

Found on the right in the supraomental recess, with a little fermentation occuring here.

Porcine - caecum?

Found on left, apex pointing caudally and moderate in size.

Equine - caecum?

Signifiant amount of fermentation occurs here. Formed by haustra and taenia, large and sits dorsally and ventrally (against xiphoid process)

What is the colon?

Shorter and wider than the SI Has ascending, transverse and descending

What are the layers of the colon?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventia