Exam 2 - Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System (by definition) Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis
A
autonomic nervous system
2
Q
small flat structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backward flow of blood
A
leaflet
3
Q
tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body, space within an artery, vein, or intestine
A
lumen
4
Q
narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow
A
vasoconstriction
5
Q
widening of the lumen caused by the relaxing of muscles or cell walls
A
vasodialation
6
Q
carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body
A
arteries
7
Q
outer covering of the arteries made from connective tissue; provides strength and flexibility
A
tunica externa
8
Q
middle layer of the arteries, made from smooth muscle; contraction and dilation responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodialation
A
tunica media
9
Q
innermost layer of the arteries, made of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the blood vessel
A
tunica intima
10
Q
smaller forms of the arteries that lead into the capillaries
A
arterioles
11
Q
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system. Only one single cell layer thick, enabling the exchange of gasses and waste from cell to bloodstream
A
capillaries
12
Q
return blood to the heart
A
veins
13
Q
smaller forms of the veins that develop from the union of capillaries
A
venules
14
Q
small structures inside of veins that prevent the backward flow of blood
A
valves
15
Q
the sac surrounding the heart, consists of three layers
A
pericardium
16
Q
a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valve and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
A
endocardium
17
Q
the muscular layer of the heart
A
myocardium
18
Q
the outermost layer of the heart
A
epicardium
19
Q
collects deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body
A
superior vena cava
20
Q
collects deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body
A
infeior vena cava
21
Q
left and right arteries by which the blood leaves the right ventricle
A
pulmonary artery
22
Q
prevents blood regurgitation into the right ventricle after its expelled from the heart
A
pulmonic valve
23
Q
carry oxygenated from the lungs back to the heart and into the left atrium
A
pulmonary veins
24
Q
valve in the heart consisting of two leaflets; sits at the left ventricle
A
mitral (bicuspid) valve
25
valve in the aorta that prevents blood from going back into the heart
aortic semilunar valve
26
left and right arteries that supply the heart with its own oxygen
coronary arteries
27
the pacemaker; portion of the heart that possesses its own rhythm, initiates and propagates each heartbeat without being stimulated by external nerves
sinoatrial node
28
node stimulated by heartbeat that causes the atria to contract
atrioventricular node
29
tract of conductive fibers that relays the heartbeat to the Purkinje fibers
bundle of His (AV bundle)
30
conductive fibers that transmit the heartbeat signals and cause the ventricles to contract
Purkinje fibers
31
instrument that reads the skin for the weak electrical pulses of heart contractions
electrocardiograph
32
portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the atria
P wave
33
portion of an electrocardiograph that measures the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
QRS complex
34
portion of an electrocardiograph that shows the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
T wave
35
the force exterted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of heartbeat, systole and diastole
blood pressure
36
portion of a blood pressure reading when blood is forced out of the heart
systole
37
portion of blood pressure when the ventricles are filling with blood
diastole
38
tool used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
39
combining form of "widened blood vessel"
aneurysm/o
40
combining form of "vessel," but can mean a blood vessel or a lymph node vessel
angi/o
41
combining form of "blood vessel"
vascul/o
42
combining form of "aorta"
aort/o
43
combining form of "artery"
arteri/o
44
combining form of "arteriole"
arteriol/o
45
combining form of "atrium"
atri/o
46
combining form of "fatty plaque"
ather/o
47
combining form of "heart"
coron/o
48
combining form of "electricity"
electr/o
49
combining form of "embolus" or plug
embol/o
50
combining form of "blood vessel"
hemangi/o
51
combining form of "muscle"
my/o
52
combining form of "vein"
phleb/o
53
combining form of "vein"
ven/o
54
combining form of "hardening"
scler/o
55
combining form of "pulse"
sphygm/o
56
combining form of "narrowing"
sten/o
57
combining form of "blood clot"
thromb/o
58
combining form of "valve"
valv/o or valvul/o
59
combining form of "vessel" and also "duct"
vas/o
60
combining form of "ventricle"
ventricul/o
61
suffix for "heart condition"
#NAME?
62
suffix for "recording" or "writing"
#NAME?
63
suffix for "instrument of recording"
#NAME?
64
suffix for "process of recording"
#NAME?
65
suffix for "narrowing"
#NAME?
66
chest pain, generally caused by inadequate bloodflow to the myocardium
angina
67
breathing difficulty
dyspnea
68
heartbeat irregularity
arrhythmia
69
loss of consciousness
syncope
70
progressive disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thick, and brittle. Often caused by the buildup of fatty plaque
ateriosclerosis
71
a dislodged piece of fatty plaque (thrombus) in the bloodstream
embolus
72
a blood clot made of fatty plaque
thrombus
73
above normal fat levels in the blood
hyperlipidemia
74
procedure where a surgeon opens a blocked artery and removes the blocking material
endarterectomy
75
any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary artery to supply blood to the myocardium
coronary artery disease
76
intense sweating
diaphoresus
77
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
endocarditis
78
small masses in the heart formed of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria
vegetation
79
enlarged, engorged, and twisted superficial veins
varicose veins
80
cancerous growth composed of mucous connective tissue on the heart
myxoma
81
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
aneurysm
82
arrhythmia in where there is an abnormally rapid quivering of the myocardium
fibrillation
83
condition where there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
heart block
84
deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrow the lumen in the arteries
atherosclerosis
85
soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation; the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction
bruit
86
disease or weakening of the heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
cardiomyopathy
87
narrowing of a blood vessel, especially the aorta
coarctation
88
condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) gets lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
embolism
89
localized tissue necrosis due to blocked blood supply
infarction
90
local temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
ischemia
91
structural deficit in which the mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during systole contraction
mitral valve prolapse
92
sensation of an irregular heartbeat
palpitation
93
inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs
phlebitis
94
abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs at the site of formation
thrombosis
95
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
deep vein thrombosis
96
electrical shock delivered randomly during cardiac cycle to treat emergency or life-threatening arrhythmias
defibrillation
97
defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat arrhythmia, typically synchronized with the R waves of an ECG
cardioversion
98
injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein
sclerotherapy
99
destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters
thrombolysis
100
any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow
angioplasty
101
a balloon is inserted into the coronary artery to enlarge the lumen of the blocked artery and restore blood flow
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
102
removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
biopsy
103
treatment for cardiac arrhythmia; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance
catheter ablation
104
surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve that have fused together at some point
commissurotomy
105
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery bypass graft
106
removal of the embolus (any mass moving through the vascular channels)
embolectomy
107
removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting device
endarterectomy
108
a small battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia by sending electrical impulses into the heart
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
109
procedure using heated lasers to treat varicose veins
laser ablation
110
incision on a valve to increase the size of the opening, used in treating mitral stenosis
valvotomy
111
passing a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
cardiac catheterization
112
series of blood tests that look for fat content in the blood
lipid panel
113
radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium
angiography
114
angiography of the aorta and its branches after the injection of a contrast medium
aortography
115
radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast medium to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
coronary angiography
116
type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels
magnetic resonance angiography
117
nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and also calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump in one contraction)
multiple-gated acquisition scan
118
test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing obstruction; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan
nuclear perfusion study
119
radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction
venography
120
blood pressure lowering medication that functions by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
121
medication that blocks the effect of adrenaline and decreases the heart rate
beta-blockers
122
block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
calcium channel blocker
123
medication that dilates the vessels of the heart and causes an increased amount of oxygen to be delivered to the myocardium, also widens other blood vessels in the body.
nitrates
124
medication that lowers cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
statins
