electrolyte
mineral salt that carries an electrical charge when in solution
filtrate
fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into the Bowman capsule
nitrogenous waste
product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
peristaltic wave
sequence of rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
plasma
liquid portion of the blood that’s filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolve wastes
erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidneys that regulates the production of red blood cells
retroperitoneal
when something exists outside of the peritoneum, such as the kidneys
hilum
an opening through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits the kidney
renal pelvis
the hollow chamber inside the kidney where the ureter merges with the kidney
ureteral orifice
area where urine enters the bladder from the ureter
rugae
small folds in the bladder that expand when filled
trigone
a triangular area at the base of the bladder that denotes the start of the urethra
urinary meatus
the urethral opening
albumin/o
combining form of “albumin” or “protein”
azot/o
combining form of “nitrogenous compounds”
bacteri/o
combining form of “bacteria”
cyst/o
one of two combining forms of “bladder”
vesic/o
one of two combining forms of “bladder”
glomerul/o
combining form of “glomerulus,” the wad of capillaries in the Bowman capsule
kal/i
combining form of “potassium”
keton/o
combining form of “ketone bodies”
lith/o
combining form of “stone”
meat/o
combining form of “opening” or “meatus”
nephr/o
one of two combining form of “kidney”
ren/o
one of two combining form of “kidney”
noct/o
combining form of “night”
olig/o
combining form of “scanty”
py/o
combining form of “pus”
pyel/o
combining form of “renal pelvis”
ur/o
combining form of “urine” or “urinary tract”
ureter/o
combining form of “ureter”
urethr/o
combining form of “urethra”
-gensis
suffix for “forming” or “producing” or “origin”
-iasis
suffix for “abnormal condition”
-uria
suffix for “urine”
dia-
prefix for “through” or “across”
retro
prefix for “backward” or “behind”
nephritis
infection or swelling of the kidney
pyelonephritis
kidney infection
dysuria
painful urination
nephralgia
pain in the kidneys
calculi
another name for stones that form either in the urinary tract or in the kidneys themselves
ureterolithiasis
kidney stones lodged in the ureters
colic
the intense, throbbing pain of having stones caught in your ureters
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
removal of a kidney stone through a small incision and a nephroscope into the kidney
acute tubular necrosis
when the tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after the ingestion of toxic chemicals
oliguria
scanty urine production
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
intravesical
when something is delivered directly to the bladder
anuria
absence of urine production or output
bladder neck obstruction
blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
cytocele
prolapsing or downward placement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman’s bladder and vagina
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
end-stage renal disease
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine, also called incontinence
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction to the urinary tract
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
nephrotic syndrome
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
an impairment of bladder function due to a brain or nerve condition
polycystic kidney disease
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid calls cysts develop on the kidneys
urgency
sensation of needing to void immediately
vesicoureteral reflux
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children
peritoneal dialysis
special form of dialysis where toxic substances are removed from the body by usingg the peritoneal membrane as the filter by flushing the peritoneal cavity with warm, sterile chemical solution
nephropexy
Fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
nephrostomy
passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters refuse to do so
stent placement
insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent localized flow due to constriction
urethrotomy
incision of a urethral structure
electromyography
measures the contraction of the muscles that control urination using electrodes places in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy
examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, biopsies, or other reasons using an endoscope
culture and sensitivity
determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
