appendage
any part of the body attached to the main structure
articulation
place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint
cacellous
Latticelike arrangement of bony plates occuring at the ends of long bones
cruciate ligaments
ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles
hematopoiesis
production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
fibers
small contractile cells that make up muscle tissue
skeletal muscles
also called voluntary or striated muscles, these are muscles under voluntary control. Examples include the muscles that move the eyeballs and tongue
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart, this type of muscle makes up most of the wall in the heart. It’s striated, but it produces rhythmic and involuntary contractions
smooth muscle
also called involuntary or visceral muscles, these are muscles whose actions are involuntary and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
aponeurosis
when a fibrous attachment to a bone spans a large area of the bone
tendon
When connective tissue fibers form a cord or a strap
ligament
flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains
adduction
moving an appendage into the midline of the body
abduction
moving an appendage away from the midline of the body
flexion
the action of decreasing the angle of a joint
extension
the action of increasing the angle of a joint
pronation
to turn the palm downward
supination
the turn the palm upward
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward
dorsiflexion
elevating the foot, pointing the foot upward
plantar flexion
lowering the foot, pointing the foot downward
hematopoesis
the production of blood cells inside the bone marrow
short bones
type of bone that’s often cube-shaped. Examples include wrists and toes
Irregular bones
bones that cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes
long bones
bones found in the appendages, such as legs and arms.
diaphysis
the long, main portion of a long bone
compact bone
forms the long cylindrical outer covering of a long bone
cancellous bone
spongy bone at the core of a short bone
medullary cavity
the central canal inside of a bone that hold the yellow marrow; consists mainly of fat and blood cells
proximal epiphysis
the end of a long bone closest to the center of the body
distal epiphysis
the end of a long bone farthest to the center of the body
articular cartilage
type of elastic connective tissue that covers an epiphysis such that movement is smooth for joints
spongy bone
the substance that makes up the interior material of an epiphysis
osteoblast
a bone-forming cell
The axial skeleton is divided into ____ main regions, which are…?
three main regions: the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
trochanter
a large, irregularly shaped and non-articulating process found only on the femur
tubercle
a small, round process on a bone
condyle
the rounded articulating head of a bone, kob-shaped
head
prominent, rounded articulating head of a bone
foramen
rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves, like the foramen of the skull through which cranial nerves pass
fissure
a narrow, slit-like opening in the bone
sinus
a cavity or a hollow space inside a bone
fontanel
the unossified membrane or soft spot that appears on an infant’s head between the cranial bones
ankyl/o
combining form for stiffness, can also mean bent or crooked
arthr/o
combining form of “joint”
kyph/o
combining form of “humpback”
lamin/o
combining form of “lamina,” the part of the vertibral arch
lord/o
combining form of “curve” or “swayback”
myel/o
combining form of either “bone marrow” or “spinal cord” depending on the context
orth/o
combining form of “straight”
oste/o
combining form of “bone”
ped/o
combining form of “foot” and also “child”
scoli/o
combining form of “crooked” or “bent”
thorac/o
combining form of “chest”
acromi/o
combining form of “acromion” which is a projection of the scapula
brachi/o
combining form of “arm”
calcane/o
combining form of “calcaneum” which is the heel bone
carp/o
combining form of “carpus” which is the wrist bone
cephal/o
combining form of “head”
cervic/o
combining form of “neck” but also the cervix as well
clavicul/o
combining form of “clavicle” or collar bone
cost/o
combining form of “ribs”
crani/o
combining form of “skull”
dactyl/o
combining form of “fingers” or “toes”
femor/o
combining form of “femur”
fibul/o
combining form of “fibula”
humer/o
combining form of “humerus”
ili/o
combining form of “ilium” which is the flaring portion of the hip bone
ischi/o
combining form of “ischium” which is the lower portion of the hip bone
lumb/o
combining form of “loins” though specifically the lower back portion
metacarp/o
combining form of “metacarpus” or the hand bones
metatars/o
combining form of “metatarsus” or the foot bones
patell/o
combining form of “patella” or kneecap
pelv/i
combining form of “pelvis”
phalang/o
combining form of “phalanges” or finger bones
pod/o
combining form of “foot”
pub/o
combining form of “pelvis bone”
radi/o
combining form of “radiation”
spondyl/o
one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”
vertebr/o
one of two combining forms of “vertebrae”
stern/o
combining form of “sternum”
tibi/o
combining form of “tibia”
leiomy/o
combining form of “smooth muscle”
muscul/o
one of two combining form of “muscle”
my/o
one of two combining forms of “muscle”
rhabd/o
combining form of “rod-shaped” or striated
rhabdomy/o
combining form of “rod shaped striated muscle”
chrond/o
combining form of “cartilage”
fasci/o
combining form of “band” or “fascia”
fibr/o
combining form of “fiber” or “fibrous tissue”
synov/o
combining form of “synovial membrane” or “synovial fluid”
ten/o
one of three combining forms of “tendon”
tend/o
one of three combining forms of “tendon”
tendin/o
one of three combining forms of “tendon”
-asthenia
suffix for “weakness” or “debility”
-blast
suffix for “embryonic cell”
-clasia
suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)
-clast
suffix for “to break” or “surgical fracture” (there are two)
-desis
suffix for “binding” or “fixation of a bone or joint”
-malacia
suffix for “softening”
-physis
suffix for “growth”
-porosis
suffix for “porous”
-sarcoma
suffix for “malignant tumor of connective tissue”
-scopy
suffix for “visual examination”
syn-
prefix for “together” or “joined”
ankylosis
the stiffening and immobility of a joint as the result of a disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
bunion (hallux valgus)
deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe
carpal tunnel syndrom
painful condition resulting from the compression of the median nerve within the wrist canal that holds the flexor tendons
claudication
lameness, limping
contracture
fibrosis of the connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents joint mobility
crepitation
Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing up against each other, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
exacerbation
a sudden increase in the severity of symptoms, sometimes called a “flare”
ganglion cyst
a filled tumor that develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet
hemarthrosis
effusion of blood into a joint cavity
herniated disk
a rupture of a vertebral disk’s center through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal, with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness
hypotonia
loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
phantom limb
the perceived sensation that a limb is still present following its amputation
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
sequestrum
fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from the surrounding tissue
spondylolisthesis
any slipping of the vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
sprain
tearing of a ligament or tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete
strain
Muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side, also called “clubfoot”
electromyography
use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them
reduction
a procedure that restores a bone to its normal position
closed reduction
a procedure in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
open reduction
a procedure in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery
bone immobilization
procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
casting
bone immobilization by placing a solid, stiff dressing around the area with plaster of Paris or other similar material
splinting
bone immobilization by applying an orthopedic device to the injured part
traction
bone immobilization using weights and pullies to align or immobilize a fracture
amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove the accumulated fluid
arthroclasia
surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible arthroscope
bone grafting
implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body, or possibly from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone
bursectomy
excision of the bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra
prosthesis fitting
replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute (like a peg leg)
revision surgery
any surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prosthesis
sequestrectomy
excision of a segment of necrosed bone
synovectomy
excision of a synovial membrane
arthrography
series of radiographs taken after injection of a contract material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
bone density test
Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm
discography
radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures through the injection of a contrast medium
lumbosacral spinal radiography
radiography of the five lumbar vertibrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, laterial, and oblique views of the lower spine
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium to study spinal distortions caused by cysts, herniated disks, or lesions
scintigraphy
nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide
gold salts
treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system
salicylates
relieves mild to moderate pain and reduces inflammation (aspirin)
muscle relaxants
medication to relive muscle spasms and stiffness
closed fracture
where a bone has broken but no open wound exists
open fracture
a broken bone where an open wound exists
complicated fracture
when a broken bone injures an internal organ
comminuted fracture
where a bone breaks and splits into pieces
impacted fracture
when a bone is broken and wedges into the interior of another bone
incomplete fracture
when the line of a break does not completely transverse the entire bone
greenstick fracture
when the fracture doesn’t extend through the entire thickness of the bone, like when one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent
Colles fracture
a break at the lower end of the radius, often just above the wrist. Typically happens when someone extends their hands out to catch a fall
hairline fracture
fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment
pathological (spontaneous) fracture
bone break caused by a disease process such as neoplasm or osteoperosis
osteomyelitis
bone infection
bacteremia
bacteria in the blood stream, sometimes called “blood poisoning”
sequestrium
bone death
sequestrectomy
removal of dead bone
Paget disease
chronic inflammation of the bones resulting in thickening and softening of bone matter
osteoperosis
common bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in women over 60, starts as a decrease in bone mineral density that eventually lead to microscopic fractures
osteopenia
decrease in bone density
scoliosis
a condition causing a crooked, s-shaped spine
kyphosis
commonly called “hunchback”
lordosis
sometimes called “swayback,” it’s when the lower back curves in unnaturally
arthritis
a general term for many joint diseases; inflammation of a joint accompanied by pain, swelling, and changes in structure
rheumatoid arthritis
systematic disease of the joints that causes pain and swelling, caused by immune system attacking the joints
osteoarthritis
sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease; a progressive degeneration of the cartilage in the joints
Herben nodes
joint enlargement typically seen in cases of osteoarthritis
gout
the accumulation of uric acid cystals in the blood which deposit near joints and soft tissue, very painful
muscular dystrophy
genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle dissue
Duchenne dystrophy
form of muscular dystrophy that affects children, boys more than girls; a sex linked disease; most children die before 30
myasthenia gravis
neuromuscular disorder causing fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (eyes, face, and sometimes limbs). Characterized by acetylcholine receptor destruction
primary bone cancer
form of bone cancer that arises directly in the bone
secondary bone cancer
form of bone cancer that arises somewhere else and spreads to the bone
sarcoma
malignancy that originates from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, or lymphatic system cells
Fibrosarcoma
malignancy that develops in the cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders
Osteosarcoma
malignancy that develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs
Ewing sarcoma
malignancy that develops in the primitive nerve cells in bone marrow
