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ASC 408G: Swine > EXAM 2: gestation, farrowing, lactation > Flashcards

EXAM 2: gestation, farrowing, lactation Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

where is sperm deposited

A

cervix near uterus

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2
Q

uterine contractions introduced by __________ from the female and ___________ from the male, move the sperm to site of fertilization

A

oxytocin
prostiglandins

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3
Q

most of the fertilizing sperm will reach the site of fertilization ________hours after insemination but will continue to increase for up to ____________hours

A

3-6
12

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4
Q

once fertilization occurs, early embryos will develop in the _______ for about 48 hours

A

oviduct

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5
Q

when are many embryos lost

A

day 10 and 20 of gestation

**defective or slow developing

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6
Q

after fertilization, the early embryos enter the ________ on day 4 and remain ___________ and mix with each other until approximately 12-13 days of gestation

A

uterus
free-floating

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7
Q

what is meant by embryos free-float

A

migrate to horn
space evenly between horns

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8
Q

for embryos to survive after 10 days of gestation,they must signal to the sow they are present by secreting___________ which will prevent the sow from releasing ___________ from the uterus

A

estrogen
prostaglanin

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9
Q

what does prostaglandin do

A

hormone that will destroy the CL and cease progesterone production= termination of pregnancy

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10
Q

T/F if there are no embryos or too few of embryos to produce a signal, prostaglandin is released

A

true

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11
Q

if embryo is successful in signaling dam what happens

A

progesterone stays high

uterine contractions inhibited until parturition

embryo attach at day 14-17 of gestation

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12
Q

The uterus will accommodate many more embryos/fetuses than can actually come to term; those that cannot be supported due to limited space will be lost ___________

A

before day 50 of pregnancy

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13
Q

sows that fail to establish and maintain pregnancy do not cover the ________ associated with their daily maintenance and housing

A

cost

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14
Q

why is pregnancy checking important

A

minimize the cost of NPDs
identify # of farrowing crates needed
identify open females for rebreeding or culling
prevents culling pregnant sows
identify repro failure
help predict future pig flow

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15
Q

the optimal time to diagnosis pregnancy is between _____________ days following breeding

A

24-35

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16
Q

sows should enter farrowing with a body condition score of

A

3 or 4

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17
Q

sows with a BCS 5 are at a higher risk of

A

farrowing complications
structural damage to their own bodies
decreased feed intake during lactation

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18
Q

sows with a low BCS (1-2) may have

A

decreased milk production/ productivity
experience lower productivity in the future
poor rebreeding
high culling
sows direct nutrition and energy will go to their own health before milk production
increase in shoulder ulcers

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19
Q

score determined by pressure on ribs, spine, and hip

A

body condition score

ranges from 1-5

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20
Q

Improper body condition can lead to

A

disrupt endocrine system
problems with lactation
problems getting/ staying pregnant

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21
Q

how does proper body condition impact repro

A

will lead to consistent repro performance

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22
Q

1 week prior to farrowing, what occurs

A

diet is changed to higher energy lactation diet
mammary glands and vulva become swollen

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23
Q

24 hours prior to farrowing, what occurs

A

mammary gland begins to secret milky liquid
nest building
laying down most of the time
respiration and vocalization increases

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24
Q

once farrowing begins the duration can range from

A

30 min - 5 hours

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25
in what position are pigs born
head first OR feet first
26
the average interval between pigs is approximately
15 min
27
Prolonged farrowing will increase the
number of stillborns/ death losses during the first few days after birth
28
do pigs normally have farrowing problems/ need assistance
rarely have problems little to no assistance
29
if assisting a sow with birth, what needs to be done
wash external genitalia with soap lube, clean glove hand and arm in repro tract as far as needed to retrieve pig
30
is inducing farrowing a common practice, why
YES allows workers to attend farrowing lowering stillborn and improves pre-weaning mortality ** pigs are freed from membrane ** weak pigs are revived
31
how is farrowing induced
administer 2cc of lutalyse intramuscularly (pgf2 alpha) into neck 20-30 hours after injection the sow should start to farrow
32
how do we induce farrowing if lutalyse does not work
1cc of oxytocin for those who dont respond injected into vulva sow should show signs shes ready to farrow
33
shoulder ulcer
abscess/bruising on shoulder due to rubbing on concrete **skinny pigs
34
what does MMA stand for
mastitis metritis agalactia
35
___________ and ___________ often enhance the occurrence of MMA in sows
difficult farrowing assisted farrowings
36
inflammation of one or more mammary glands common condition that occurs sporadically in individual sows or sometimes as a herd outbreak
mastitis
37
how does mastitis aris
bacteria gains entry into one or more mammary glands for the first time OR may be a flare-up of a long-standing subclinical infection
38
if mastitis is left untreated what happens
become chronic thick fibrous scar tissue large lumps
39
what are the three categories of mastitis
coliform bactria stap/strep bacteria miscellaneous bacteria
40
coliform mastitis
most common/ serious on sow farms in wet, cold environments decreased milk yield sick sow poor growing pigs purple, swollen mammary glands
41
what causes coliform mastitis
E. coli (wet, cold environment)
42
treatment for coliform and staph/strep mastitis
antibiotics
43
inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection fairly common in immediate post-farrowing period
metritis
44
metritis is more likely to occur in what kind pig
sows with prolonged farrowing/ required assistance
45
what is metritis commonly paired with
mastitis
46
inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection fairly common in the immediate post-farrowing period
metritis
47
miscellaneous mastitis
uncommon various seriousness
48
staph/strep mastitis
less severe than coliform occurs sparatically in sows mammary glnds= hot and swollen thick yellow/brown discharge
49
symptoms of metritis
inflamed uterus discharge from vulva (brown, red) common in sows that had prolonged farrowing
50
shortage of milk in healthy lactating sows
agalactia
51
treatment for metritis
antibiotics oxytocin to have uterus contract
52
is agalactia common
no; RARE if seen, more in gilts hard to treat
53
nervous, hysterical sows --what happens --how to treat it
Trample, lie on, or kill newborn pigs with mouth remove pigs, place in warm environment until farrowing is complete (return a test pig) old remedy= give sow beer
54
pigs born alive fall into two categories:
normal disadvantaged
55
characteristics of normal pigs
born quickly get to feet in a minute or 2 begin suckling ~15 min take a large share of the sow's colostrum **if mom is good, normal pigs thrive without much help
56
characteristics of disadvantaged pigs
weakened by rigors of birth process lightweight have defects slow reaching the udder chilled--lower core body temp= more likely to die slow to feet/udder
57
what is a lightweight pig classified as
Less than 2.75 pounds (avg wt= 3-4) less likely to survive
58
pigs born immediately will
instinctively work way to teat cant visually see teat, find by snout contact with littermates cause defense mechanism pigs will nurse on the same teat for the entire nursing period
59
Heavier pigs will nurse from the _________ teats
anterior (closer to the head)
60
sows produce colostrum for
24-48 hours ** crucial that newborns receive colostrum withing 36 hours (better absorption)
61
what kind of environment does a newborn pig need
clean warm draft free safe heat source
62
much of the sow management during lactation revolved around
feed water
63
is it normal for a sow to lose body condition while nursing
yes, around .5 start at a 3-4
64
During lactation, sows should stand 2-3x a day to
stimulate feed/ water consumption encourage normal elimination (feces)
65
T/F it is common for sows not to eat much for the first few days after farrowing
true
66
increased intake in feed will increase________ production
milk
67
what kind of diet should a sow be fed while lactating
high energy 2-3x a day with a laxative source
68
examples of laxative source
bland, bulky feedstuff (oat, beet pulp, wheat bran) potassium chloride Epsom salt linseed meal
69
management technique used to reduce weight variation in litters and to evenly match the number of pigs with the sow's ability to raise them
cross fostering
70
The lowest pig mortality is observed in
high birthweight litters with slight withing litter weight variation
71
Cross-fostering should be done with what kind of pigs
before 24-48 hours old (before teat fidelity is established) transfer males instead of females when raising replacements go to a sow that is small, docile
72
main causes of pre-weaning mortality
trauma, crushing =50% low viability (disadvantaged)= 20% starvation= 15% scours, disease, unknown= 15%
73
how does the season of the year impact pre-weaning mortality
greater loss in fall and winter
74
how does birth weight impact pre-weaning mortality
smaller the pig (less than 2.75)= increased chance of death
75
how does sex impact pre-weaning mortality
boars are more at risk than females
76
how does birth order impact pre-weaning mortality
70% of deaths occur in last half of pigs born due to experiencing more stress and less colostrum
77
how does litter size impact pre-weaning mortality
greatest loss is seen in small litters (4 or less) due to mom being sick OR very large litters of 20+ to to less resources
78
how does colostrum impact pre-weaning mortality
pigs that die consume 50% less colostrum= increased chance of dying
79
how does prolonged farrowing impact pre-weaning mortality
pigs born to sows that experienced prolonged farrowing are more at risk
80
how does dirty pens/ crates impact pre-weaning mortality
dirty crates = increased chance of dying

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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