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ASC 408G: Swine > Exam 2: Health and Disease (intro-skin conditions) > Flashcards

Exam 2: Health and Disease (intro-skin conditions) Flashcards

1
Q

heart rate of a healthy pig

A

70-120 min

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2
Q

respiration rate of a healthy pig

A

10-20 breaths a minute

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3
Q

normal temperature of a healthy pig

A

101.5-102

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4
Q

why is heart rate not always a good indicator for telling if a pig is sick

A

pigs have a thick fat cover making it hard to hear the correct beat

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5
Q

general characteristics of a sick pig

A

lose their appetite
separate themselves from the herd
appear listless
shiver
lose body condition
lame
cough/pant/sneeze

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6
Q

infectious disease play a large role in pig herds, especially _________________ herds

A

large intensive

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7
Q

4 main infectious agents

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

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8
Q

what is the most common infectious agent found in pigs

A

viruses

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9
Q

examples of non-infectious agents

A

trauma (tail/vulva biting, greasy pig)

hereditary (PSS)

nutritional deficiency (white muscle disease)

toxic agents (gas, warfarin)

stress

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10
Q

what are the three primary internal parasites found in confinement swine operations

A

large roundworm

whipworms

nodular worms

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11
Q

Parasites are directly correlated to the _________ of the animal

A

efficiency (growth, feed efficiency, feed conversion, health status)

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12
Q

parasites have shown to affect the _______________ of an animal predisposing the animal to other disease situations or reducing the ability to fight off __________

A

immune system

infections

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13
Q

T/F most internal parasites have been eliminated from confinement

A

true

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14
Q

T/F most parasites don’t survive because we use concrete in confinement barns

A

true

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15
Q

Internal parasites can cause

A

lower ADG
impacted feed efficiency
increase susceptibility to other diseases
may cause carcass condemnation at slaughter

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15
Q

what are some financial cost internal parasites can cause producers

A

increase feed cost due to losses in feed efficiency
losses because of disease outbreak
condemnation at slaughter

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16
Q

Ascaris suum

largest/ most common in U.S swine

can cause damage at every state of development

eggs cant be destroyed by anything but fire

A

Large roundworms

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17
Q

Total development of large roundworm in pig takes how long

A

7-8 weeks

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18
Q

lifecycle of a large roundworm

A
  1. Animal consumes egg when in environment
  2. egg hatches in GI and the emerged larva penetrates SI and gets into bloodstream
  3. gets to liver and spends 3-4 days
  4. leave liver and goes to lungs (4-5 days)
  5. pig coughs them up and swallows again; returns to intestine
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19
Q

adult female large roundworm can lay how many eggs

A

1 million eggs/ day

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20
Q

characteristic of large roundworm egg

A

coated with protein like material that allows them to stick to rough edges of concrete

**not removed with high-pressure sprayers, chemicals, or physical destruction

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21
Q

signs of large roundworm infection

A

coughing
labored breathing
damage to liver and lungs (milk spots= scar tissue)

**can lead to condemnation

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22
Q

trichuris suis

most damaging parasite in swine

only takes a few to cause severe problems

most commonly seen in young, growing pigs

adult are ~2IN and seen with naked eye

A

whipworms

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23
Q

where do whipworms live

A

cecum

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24
Q

why are whipworms hard to get rid of

A

hardy

under extreme environmental conditions can remain viable for ~10 yrs

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25
Q

lifecycle of whipworms

A
  1. swallowed and eggs hatch in stomach
  2. larva move to SI and cecum
  3. larvae and adults burrow into intestinal walls
  4. mature adults lay eggs
  5. eggs shed in feces
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26
Q

whipworm migration severely damages the ________________ and disrupts the ___________ absorption

A

intestinal lining
nutrient

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27
Q

how long does it take a whipworm to develop (full process)

A

6 weeks

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28
Q

scours
reduced appetite
reduced weight gain
death

A

symptoms of whipworm infection

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29
Q

oesophagostomum spp.

most frequent in adult pigs and baby pigs (still on mom)

live in the large intestine

Pass eggs in feces

cause abscesses or nodules in the large intestine

A

nodular worms

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30
Q

nodular worm lifecycle

A
  1. swallowed and larva migrate to GI and hatch
  2. travel to large intestine
  3. larva burrow into intestinal walls forming abscesses or nodules, and mature into adults
  4. mature adults lay eggs and get shed
31
Q

nodules will lead to _________ and ___________ condemnation at slaughter

A

visceral
carcass

32
Q

baby pigs born to sows carrying heavy infection of nodular worms will develop

A

grey sticky diarrhea at 2-3 weeks of age

** often several pigs die out of each litter

** rest will demonstrate uneven growth rates

33
Q

Protozoan parasite found in the muscle and other tissues of many warm-blooded animals, including animals and humans

A

Toxoplasma gondii

34
Q

______ are the only host in which toxoplasma gondii can complete its entire lifecycle

A

cats

35
Q

is toxoplasmosis an issue in the U.S

A

no, it was big in the 50s

big in 3rd world contries

36
Q

toxoplasma gondii lifecycle

A
  1. pig ingest oocysts in soil/water/eat tissues of rodents/ wildlife or meat-containing cysts
  2. cysts enter the intestine and release sporozoites
  3. sporozoites penetrate intestinal epithelial cells and transform into tachyzoites
  4. tachyzoites are dispersed through the body by the circulatory and lymph systems, eventually entering and encysting a tissue cyst in skeletal muscle
  5. cyst remains alive in the body for the lifetime of the pig

**can get to the heart, brain, liver

37
Q

T/F most pigs show no signs of being infected with toxoplasmosis

A

true

38
Q

symptoms of toxoplasmosis in young pigs

A

fever
seziure
coughing
diarrhea
death

39
Q

what people are at risk of toxoplasmosis exposure

A

pregnant women

40
Q

tiny parasitic worm

humans may be infected by eating the meat of infected domestic pigs/wild hogs

racoons, skunk, foxes, and rodents are known to be infected and act as a reservoir of the disease

A

trichinosis

41
Q

T/F over the past 40 yrs, the number of human cases of trichinosis has declined dramatically in the U.S

A

true

prevelance is ~0.125%

42
Q

how are swine infected with trichinosis

A

Consume trichinella spiralis larva in pork scraps found in uncooked garbage or in meat from infected carcasses of swine/rats/ other carnivorous wildlife

43
Q

trichinosis lifecycle

A
  1. after ingestion of meat, larvae are digested and enter the epithelia of SI; will be sexually mature adults within 4-6 days
  2. adults give birth to larva that migrates through SI and into the circulatory system
  3. when they come in contact with skeletal muscle, larvae invade muscle and, by 17-21 days after infection, develop into mature, encysted infective larvae

** encysted larvae can survive in muscle for the life of the host

44
Q

is there treatment for trichinosis

A

NO

45
Q

how to prevent trichinosis

A

dont feed pigs uncooked garbage

practice rodent control

cook pork at 137

46
Q

are most external parasite infections deadly

A

no

47
Q

what is the estimated annual loss due to lice and mange

A

range of 30-200 million

48
Q

what negative impacts do external parasites have on production

A

decreased growth rates

impacted feed efficiency

decreased carcass value (hide damages, trim loss)

49
Q

_______ may often go unrecognized in a swine herd, even though these parasites are widely distributed among the herds in the US

A

Lice

50
Q

Lice isnt a serious problem but can lead to

A

economic losses for the producer

51
Q

An adult louse can lay how many eggs a day

A

3-4/ day

52
Q

characteristics of lice

A

species specific

feed on blood of host

more problematic in winter months

cement to hair follice

eggs will hatch and baby lice (nymphs) develop through 3 stages or “instars” before becoming adults

53
Q

life span of an louse (lice) from egg to egg

A

23-30 days

54
Q

signs/symptoms of lice infestation

A

scratching/rubbing

restlessness

gnawing at skin

hair becomes rough and thin

55
Q

where is lice typically found on pigs

A

neck

jowl

base of ears

inside flanks/legs

**anywhere there is a warm fold

56
Q

treatment for lice

A

injectable dewormers and insceticides

57
Q

Sarcoptic mange is caused by

A

microscopic parasite mite that lives and feeds in tunnels in the epidermal skin layer of the host

use digestive enzymes to dissolve the host tissues to expand tunnels

**more prevalent in winter months

58
Q

what is the most economically damaging external parasite (affects FE and ADG)

A

sarcoptic mange

59
Q

mange (mite) infestation cause

A

severe irritation

severe hair loss

inflamed/cracked skin

encrusted lesions on face and ears

scratching/rubbing against objects

starts at head–> ears–>neck–> body

60
Q

treatment for sarcoptic mange mites

A

dewormer (topical or injectable)

61
Q

what are the external parasites we discussed regarding swine

A

lice
sarcoptic mange mites

62
Q

what skin conditions did we discuss regarding swine

A

exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
ringworm

63
Q

what impact do skin conditions have in swine production

A

decreased growth rate
impacted Feed efficiency
decreased carcass value

64
Q

what age is greasy pig typically seen in

A

less than 8wks (still nursing)

65
Q

sporadic disease usually occuring in pigs less than 8weeks characterized by high morbidity and varying mortality rates

A

exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

66
Q

what causes exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

A

bacterial staphylococcus hyicus that invades broken skin causing infection

staphylococcus hyicus produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys

67
Q

how do pigs get staphylococcus hyicus causing greasy pig

A

preceding farrowing staphylococcus hyicus multiplies rapidly in the sow’s vagina

Pigs are frequently infected during the birth process or soon after

invades broken skin (often from littermates fighting)

68
Q

signs/symptoms of exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

A

listlessness

anorexia

brownish spots on face, head or, feet

moist/greasy feel to skin

bad smell

toxins damage liver and kidneys

69
Q

treatment for exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

A

infected pigs need to be isolated immediately

injectable antimicrobials

spray with diluted bleach

provide electrolytes

70
Q

exudative epidermis (greasy pig) prevention

A

practice high standards of sanitation

clean, dry pens

71
Q

skin condition caused by a range of species of dermatophyllic fungi

zoonotic pathogen

A

ringworm

72
Q

does ringworm always present in ring shape

A

no, this is why it is often overlooked

73
Q

T/F most species of ringworm are able to jumping species and producing disease including humans

A

true

74
Q

characteristics of ringworm

A

fungie form spores that may live 18mo or longer in environment

all forms including pigs

small, reddish brown lesions that spread circularly

thin, loose crust

found behind ears, flank and back

75
Q

treatment for ringworm

A

wash pig with fungicide

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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