Exam 2: Health and Disease (intro-skin conditions)

Question 1

heart rate of a healthy pig

Answer 1

70-120 min

Question 2

respiration rate of a healthy pig

Answer 2

10-20 breaths a minute

Question 3

normal temperature of a healthy pig

Answer 3

101.5-102

Question 4

why is heart rate not always a good indicator for telling if a pig is sick

Answer 4

pigs have a thick fat cover making it hard to hear the correct beat

Question 5

general characteristics of a sick pig

Answer 5

lose their appetite
separate themselves from the herd
appear listless
shiver
lose body condition
lame
cough/pant/sneeze

Question 6

infectious disease play a large role in pig herds, especially _________________ herds

Answer 6

large intensive

Question 7

4 main infectious agents

Answer 7

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

Question 8

what is the most common infectious agent found in pigs

Answer 8

viruses

Question 9

examples of non-infectious agents

Answer 9

trauma (tail/vulva biting, greasy pig)

hereditary (PSS)

nutritional deficiency (white muscle disease)

toxic agents (gas, warfarin)

stress

Question 10

what are the three primary internal parasites found in confinement swine operations

Answer 10

large roundworm

whipworms

nodular worms

Question 11

Parasites are directly correlated to the _________ of the animal

Answer 11

efficiency (growth, feed efficiency, feed conversion, health status)

Question 12

parasites have shown to affect the _______________ of an animal predisposing the animal to other disease situations or reducing the ability to fight off __________

Answer 12

immune system

infections

Question 13

T/F most internal parasites have been eliminated from confinement

Answer 13

true

Question 14

T/F most parasites don’t survive because we use concrete in confinement barns

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Internal parasites can cause

Answer 15

lower ADG
impacted feed efficiency
increase susceptibility to other diseases
may cause carcass condemnation at slaughter

Question 15

what are some financial cost internal parasites can cause producers

Answer 15

increase feed cost due to losses in feed efficiency
losses because of disease outbreak
condemnation at slaughter

Question 16

Ascaris suum

largest/ most common in U.S swine

can cause damage at every state of development

eggs cant be destroyed by anything but fire

Answer 16

Large roundworms

Question 17

Total development of large roundworm in pig takes how long

Answer 17

7-8 weeks

Question 18

lifecycle of a large roundworm

Answer 18

1. Animal consumes egg when in environment
2. egg hatches in GI and the emerged larva penetrates SI and gets into bloodstream
3. gets to liver and spends 3-4 days
4. leave liver and goes to lungs (4-5 days)
5. pig coughs them up and swallows again; returns to intestine

Question 19

adult female large roundworm can lay how many eggs

Answer 19

1 million eggs/ day

Question 20

characteristic of large roundworm egg

Answer 20

coated with protein like material that allows them to stick to rough edges of concrete

**not removed with high-pressure sprayers, chemicals, or physical destruction

Question 21

signs of large roundworm infection

Answer 21

coughing
labored breathing
damage to liver and lungs (milk spots= scar tissue)

**can lead to condemnation

Question 22

trichuris suis

most damaging parasite in swine

only takes a few to cause severe problems

most commonly seen in young, growing pigs

adult are ~2IN and seen with naked eye

Answer 22

whipworms

Question 23

where do whipworms live

Answer 23

cecum

Question 24

why are whipworms hard to get rid of

Answer 24

hardy under extreme environmental conditions can remain viable for ~10 yrs

Question 25

lifecycle of whipworms

Answer 25

1. swallowed and eggs hatch in stomach 2. larva move to SI and cecum 3. larvae and adults burrow into intestinal walls 4. mature adults lay eggs 5. eggs shed in feces

Question 26

whipworm migration severely damages the ________________ and disrupts the ___________ absorption

Answer 26

intestinal lining nutrient

Question 27

how long does it take a whipworm to develop (full process)

Answer 27

6 weeks

Question 28

scours reduced appetite reduced weight gain death

Answer 28

symptoms of whipworm infection

Question 29

oesophagostomum spp. most frequent in adult pigs and baby pigs (still on mom) live in the large intestine Pass eggs in feces cause abscesses or nodules in the large intestine

Answer 29

nodular worms

Question 30

nodular worm lifecycle

Answer 30

1. swallowed and larva migrate to GI and hatch 2. travel to large intestine 3. larva burrow into intestinal walls forming abscesses or nodules, and mature into adults 4. mature adults lay eggs and get shed

Question 31

nodules will lead to _________ and ___________ condemnation at slaughter

Answer 31

visceral carcass

Question 32

baby pigs born to sows carrying heavy infection of nodular worms will develop

Answer 32

grey sticky diarrhea at 2-3 weeks of age ** often several pigs die out of each litter ** rest will demonstrate uneven growth rates

Question 33

Protozoan parasite found in the muscle and other tissues of many warm-blooded animals, including animals and humans

Answer 33

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 34

______ are the only host in which toxoplasma gondii can complete its entire lifecycle

Answer 34

cats

Question 35

is toxoplasmosis an issue in the U.S

Answer 35

no, it was big in the 50s big in 3rd world contries

Question 36

toxoplasma gondii lifecycle

Answer 36

1. pig ingest oocysts in soil/water/eat tissues of rodents/ wildlife or meat-containing cysts 2. cysts enter the intestine and release sporozoites 3. sporozoites penetrate intestinal epithelial cells and transform into tachyzoites 4. tachyzoites are dispersed through the body by the circulatory and lymph systems, eventually entering and encysting a tissue cyst in skeletal muscle 5. cyst remains alive in the body for the lifetime of the pig **can get to the heart, brain, liver

Question 37

T/F most pigs show no signs of being infected with toxoplasmosis

Answer 37

true

Question 38

symptoms of toxoplasmosis in young pigs

Answer 38

fever seziure coughing diarrhea death

Question 39

what people are at risk of toxoplasmosis exposure

Answer 39

pregnant women

Question 40

tiny parasitic worm humans may be infected by eating the meat of infected domestic pigs/wild hogs racoons, skunk, foxes, and rodents are known to be infected and act as a reservoir of the disease

Answer 40

trichinosis

Question 41

T/F over the past 40 yrs, the number of human cases of trichinosis has declined dramatically in the U.S

Answer 41

true prevelance is ~0.125%

Question 42

how are swine infected with trichinosis

Answer 42

Consume trichinella spiralis larva in pork scraps found in uncooked garbage or in meat from infected carcasses of swine/rats/ other carnivorous wildlife

Question 43

trichinosis lifecycle

Answer 43

1. after ingestion of meat, larvae are digested and enter the epithelia of SI; will be sexually mature adults within 4-6 days 2. adults give birth to larva that migrates through SI and into the circulatory system 3. when they come in contact with skeletal muscle, larvae invade muscle and, by 17-21 days after infection, develop into mature, encysted infective larvae ** encysted larvae can survive in muscle for the life of the host

Question 44

is there treatment for trichinosis

Answer 44

NO

Question 45

how to prevent trichinosis

Answer 45

dont feed pigs uncooked garbage practice rodent control cook pork at 137

Question 46

are most external parasite infections deadly

Answer 46

no

Question 47

what is the estimated annual loss due to lice and mange

Answer 47

range of 30-200 million

Question 48

what negative impacts do external parasites have on production

Answer 48

decreased growth rates impacted feed efficiency decreased carcass value (hide damages, trim loss)

Question 49

_______ may often go unrecognized in a swine herd, even though these parasites are widely distributed among the herds in the US

Answer 49

Lice

Question 50

Lice isnt a serious problem but can lead to

Answer 50

economic losses for the producer

Question 51

An adult louse can lay how many eggs a day

Answer 51

3-4/ day

Question 52

characteristics of lice

Answer 52

species specific feed on blood of host more problematic in winter months cement to hair follice eggs will hatch and baby lice (nymphs) develop through 3 stages or "instars" before becoming adults

Question 53

life span of an louse (lice) from egg to egg

Answer 53

23-30 days

Question 54

signs/symptoms of lice infestation

Answer 54

scratching/rubbing restlessness gnawing at skin hair becomes rough and thin

Question 55

where is lice typically found on pigs

Answer 55

neck jowl base of ears inside flanks/legs **anywhere there is a warm fold

Question 56

treatment for lice

Answer 56

injectable dewormers and insceticides

Question 57

Sarcoptic mange is caused by

Answer 57

microscopic parasite mite that lives and feeds in tunnels in the epidermal skin layer of the host use digestive enzymes to dissolve the host tissues to expand tunnels **more prevalent in winter months

Question 58

what is the most economically damaging external parasite (affects FE and ADG)

Answer 58

sarcoptic mange

Question 59

mange (mite) infestation cause

Answer 59

severe irritation severe hair loss inflamed/cracked skin encrusted lesions on face and ears scratching/rubbing against objects starts at head--> ears-->neck--> body

Question 60

treatment for sarcoptic mange mites

Answer 60

dewormer (topical or injectable)

Question 61

what are the external parasites we discussed regarding swine

Answer 61

lice sarcoptic mange mites

Question 62

what skin conditions did we discuss regarding swine

Answer 62

exudative epidermis (greasy pig) ringworm

Question 63

what impact do skin conditions have in swine production

Answer 63

decreased growth rate impacted Feed efficiency decreased carcass value

Question 64

what age is greasy pig typically seen in

Answer 64

less than 8wks (still nursing)

Question 65

sporadic disease usually occuring in pigs less than 8weeks characterized by high morbidity and varying mortality rates

Answer 65

exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

Question 66

what causes exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

Answer 66

bacterial staphylococcus hyicus that invades broken skin causing infection staphylococcus hyicus produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys

Question 67

how do pigs get staphylococcus hyicus causing greasy pig

Answer 67

preceding farrowing staphylococcus hyicus multiplies rapidly in the sow's vagina Pigs are frequently infected during the birth process or soon after invades broken skin (often from littermates fighting)

Question 68

signs/symptoms of exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

Answer 68

listlessness anorexia brownish spots on face, head or, feet moist/greasy feel to skin bad smell toxins damage liver and kidneys

Question 69

treatment for exudative epidermis (greasy pig)

Answer 69

infected pigs need to be isolated immediately injectable antimicrobials spray with diluted bleach provide electrolytes

Question 70

exudative epidermis (greasy pig) prevention

Answer 70

practice high standards of sanitation clean, dry pens

Question 71

skin condition caused by a range of species of dermatophyllic fungi **zoonotic pathogen**

Answer 71

ringworm

Question 72

does ringworm always present in ring shape

Answer 72

no, this is why it is often overlooked

Question 73

T/F most species of ringworm are able to jumping species and producing disease including humans

Answer 73

true

Question 74

characteristics of ringworm

Answer 74

fungie form spores that may live 18mo or longer in environment all forms including pigs small, reddish brown lesions that spread circularly thin, loose crust found behind ears, flank and back

Question 75

treatment for ringworm

Answer 75

wash pig with fungicide