EXAM 2: Reproductive Anatomy/Physiology- FEMALE

Question 1

gilts/sow reproductive tract

Answer 1

ovaries
oviducts
uterine horns
uterine body
cervix
vagina
vulva

Question 2

made of connective tissue nerves and blood vessels, attaching near the point of the spine, and runs continuously with the innermost layer of the abdominal cavity

Answer 2

broad ligament

Question 3

3 parts of the broad ligament

Answer 3

mesovarium
messoalpinx
mesomentrium

Question 4

what does the mesovarium do

Answer 4

contains vessels, nerves, muscle fibers that extend to the ovaries and suspends the ovaries

part of the broad ligament

Question 5

what does the messoalpinx do

Answer 5

stretches from ovary to the oviduct

Question 6

what does the mesomentrium do

Answer 6

largest portion of the broad ligament

supports the uterus

Question 7

why is the uterine horn large in swine compared to the uterine body

Answer 7

pigs are litter bearing species

Question 8

what is unique about a pigs cervix

Answer 8

corkscrew shape

Contains 5 interdigitating pads which provide pressure points for locking the penis or AI catheters

Question 9

gilt vs. sow broad ligament

Answer 9

gilt: thin, transparent

sow: lengthens, stretches, thickens
**contracts a little after birth but not back to original size

Question 10

the ________ of gilts and sows is important because it is the source for both repro hormones and eggs

Answer 10

ovary

Question 11

The ovary is responsive to

Answer 11

hormones released from other organs especially the pituitary gland

Question 12

pituitary gland

Answer 12

located near base of brain

source of FSH and LH

Question 13

why are FSH and LH important

Answer 13

responsible for initiating and stimulating the ovary to become active to begin reproduciton

Question 14

Follicle stimulating hormone causes what to happen to a follicle

Answer 14

small sized follicle to grow into medium-sized follicle

these follicles appear as a small blisters on the ovary

**mimics estrogen

Question 15

each follicle contains an egg and produces a lot of steroid hormones such as __________

Answer 15

estrogen

Question 16

Luteinizing Hormone is important for

Answer 16

the continued growth of medium-sized follicles into large sized, which are responsible for releasing an egg at estrus

LH surge= heat

Question 17

As the follicle grows, the ______ inside the follicle also begins to ________ as estrogen levels inside the follicle become very high

Answer 17

egg
mature

Question 18

the elevation in follicular estrogen ultimately leads to _____________________ in the blood

Answer 18

estrogen levels

Question 19

when blood concentrations of estrogen become high enough, the female shows

Answer 19

signs of estrus

Question 20

The occurrence of peak levels of estrogen in the blood which originate from the large follicles on the ovary is followed closely by a _________ into the blood at the time of __________

Answer 20

surge of LH
estrus

Question 21

ovulation of large follicles occurs about _______ hours after the LH surge. The eggs from all the large follicles from both ovaries will ovulate in about __________ hours

Answer 21

42hrs
3hrs

Question 22

does timing of ovulation vary

Answer 22

yes, depending of age, genetics etc

Sows are observed to ovulate as early as 24hrs to as late as 60hrs after the onset estrus

Question 23

Estrogen high, progesterone is

Answer 23

LOW

Question 24

what do we look for to help us indicate that a female is in heat

Answer 24

standing heat— pressure on their back=they will lock up

Question 25

the pregnancy hormone

Answer 25

progesterone

Question 26

a sow comes into heat every _______ days

Answer 26

21

Question 27

why is ovulation rate important

Answer 27

this number becomes the first limiting factors to litter size in pigs

Question 28

sows develop hundreds of small follicles during an estrous cycle, but only ovulate around ____________ oocytes at estrus

Answer 28

10-20 (realistically 17-22)

Question 29

do we want to breed before or after egg is released

Answer 29

before sperm can survive ~24 hours in the tract ovum can only survive ~8-12 hours in tract

Question 30

when is abnormal ovulation seen

Answer 30

gilts in pubertal estrus -- 1st heat cycle (low numbers) summer months --heat stress (June-sept) after excessive weight loss--- lactation, diet, energy

Question 31

within a few hours after ovulation, cells of the follicle begin to rapidly change and divide into a new type of cell, which over a few days will form a _______________, which produces______________

Answer 31

corpus luteum (CL or yellow body) progesterone

Question 32

after ovulation, the oocytes are moved into the oviduct by coordinated muscular contractions of a thin tissue called

Answer 32

fimbria

Question 33

role of the fimbria

Answer 33

wraps around the ovary and, under the influence of estrogen induces muscular contractions which propel all the eggs into the funnel shape opening of the oviduct

Question 34

oviduct

Answer 34

short, convoluted tube that connects the ovary to the uterus propels eggs in one direction and sperm in the opposite 6-10 inches in length

Question 35

what are the three parts of the oviduct

Answer 35

infundibulum (closest to ovary) ampulla isthmus

Question 36

where does fertilization occur

Answer 36

ampulla **most eggs reach this site within 30-60 min of ovulation **eggs remain viable and fertilizable for 8-12 hours after ovulation

Question 37

largest portion of the female repro tract and capable of considerable change in size from non-pregnant to pregnant

Answer 37

uterus (horns and body) **bicornuate uterine structure

Question 38

layers of the uterus

Answer 38

endometrium (inner most layer) myometrium (middle) perimetrium (outer layer)

Question 39

endometrium

Answer 39

inner most layer of uterus glandular tissue Produces and secretes hormones, PGF2-alpha kills CL, tells pigs its time to farrow secretes nutrients to embryos by direct attachement

Question 40

myometrium

Answer 40

middle layer of uterus comprised of smooth muscle cells

Question 41

perimetrium

Answer 41

outer layer of uterus move sperm, space embryos thin layer of epithelial cells that envelop the uterus provides shape to uterus

Question 42

uterine horn size variation from non-preg to pregnant

Answer 42

non: 2-3 ft preg: 4-6 ft

Question 43

what is the site of fetal development in a pig

Answer 43

uterine horns

Question 44

approximately one inch in diameter and about 6-8 in long, made of tough connective tissue, and contains limited amounts of glandular/muscle tissue

Answer 44

cervix

Question 45

cervix's primary function

Answer 45

serve as a locking mechanism for the penis

Question 46

T/F the cervix will open and close under the influence of hormones

Answer 46

true **will remain closed except at estrus and farrowing dialates for boars penis expands during farrowing due to fetal pressure

Question 47

the primary source of mucus production

Answer 47

cervix high estrogen/low progestrone= thin, watery mucus low estrogen/ high progestrone= thick mucus, cervical plug

Question 48

approximately 8-12 inches long and connects the cervix to the external genitalia made of limited muscular and glandular tissue

Answer 48

vagina

Question 49

What serves primarily as a copulatory organ for the boar and as a passage way to the outside

Answer 49

vagina **welcome center

Question 50

the ______ empties into the vagina on the floor of the vagina approximately 2 inches from external opening

Answer 50

bladder

Question 51

T/F the vagina is acidic

Answer 51

true ~pH of 5.7 keeps out infection immunoprotection function (IgA and prevents uterine contamination)

Question 52

the external genitalia of the female pigs, composed of connective and fatty tissue

Answer 52

vulva

Question 53

the vulva is endowed with blood vessels and in gilts, the vulva will __________________

Answer 53

swell and change colors near the time of estrus due to increased blood flow because of high estrogen