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ASC 408G: Swine > EXAM 1: Alternative Production > Flashcards

EXAM 1: Alternative Production Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the oldest ways of raising pigs

A

Pasture farrowing/finishing operations

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2
Q

pasture production systems, also known as outdoor or grazing systems, appeal to farmers who want to ___________

A

expand operation without making large capital investments

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3
Q

pasture operations usually have lower ____________ and poorer ____________ that confinement operations, they offer easier _________ management, less odor, and better air quality

A

weaning rate
feed efficiency
manure

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4
Q

In order to be successful in pasture operation, what two things are necessary

A
  1. pasture rotation
  2. intensive management
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5
Q

Is pasture farrowing/finishing operations used for all stages of production?

A

YES

  • most ideal for gestating sows
    -finishing pigs for niche market (whole foods)
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6
Q

pros of pasture farrowing/finishing operations

A

low-cost facility (if you already have the land)
-watering systems
- shelter/shade
-fencing
-feeder

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7
Q

Pasture farrowing systems need what three main things?

A
  1. portable feeders (spread out over several acres, animals distribute manure naturally—-> A-frame/calf hutches)
  2. watering systems
  3. fencing
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8
Q

when selecting a hut, farmers should consider the structure’s ability to

A

moderate temperature extremes

keep pigs dry/out of drafts

minimize pig crushing by sow

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9
Q

what kind of bedding might be used in pasture operations

A

low-quality grass hay
whole or ground corn cobs
baled cornstalks
straw
shredded newspaper

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10
Q

cons of pasture operations

A

portable housing required

lowest weaning rates (nurse for longer ~60d)

fewest pigs weaned/sow/yr (trampled, laid on, easily chilled, predators)

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11
Q

In pasture farrowing, each acre typically has _________ sows and litters

A

7-15

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12
Q

one litter system

A

also called all-gilt

gilts farrow ones, usually during summer and then sold

gilt pigs from the one litter system are then raised and bred to farrow one year later

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13
Q

two litter system

A

sows farrow in spring and fall

produce two litters per year avoiding the extreme summer/winter weather

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14
Q

average weaning age of pasture farrowing systems

A

60d

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15
Q

in pasture systems, feed accounts for ___ to ___% of the total cost of producing hogs

A

60-70

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16
Q

outdoor raised hogs typically have poorer/lower ___________ and __________ when compared to confinement-raised pigs

A

feed efficiency
average daily gains

17
Q

potential causes of slower growth in pasture raising include

A

feeding animals in large groups

greater internal parasite infestation of pigs

crowding

higher consumption of feed in winter

higher feed wastage from wind/spoilage/consumption from pest

18
Q

digestability of fiber improves as pig _______

A

matures

19
Q

Potential causes of slower growth in pasture raising include

A

feeding animals in large groups/crowding

greater internal parasite infestation of pigs

higher consumption of feed in winter

higher feed wastage from wind/spoilage/consumption from pest

20
Q

gestating sows should be fed approximately __ to____ pound of complete feed while on pasture

A

2-3

21
Q

Finishing pigs should have free access to _________________ at the same time they are grazing pasture

A

complete feed

22
Q

what is one of the biggest advantages pasture systems have over confinement housing

A

healthy environment it offers to both the pigs and producers

23
Q

pasture vs. confinment health

A

respiratory disease minimized (=better lungs)

lower health expenses

less foot/leg problems

More foot lesions (better feet and legs but since outside= abscess that can go unnoticed)

Rigorous parasite control is required

careful observation of pigs (social/fighting)

24
Q

environmental considerations regarding pasture operations

A

evenly distributed manure

waste products are broken down by hoof, weather, soil organisms (less odor, flies)

important to maintain vegetative cover to prevent erosion

25
Q

where did deep bedded systems start

A

denmark

26
Q

deep bedded systems

A

Low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to confinement structures where bedding is used

Barns can be modified confinement buildings, huts, or hoop barns

27
Q

deep bedded system are most commonly used with

A

gestating pigs (need feeding stalls)

finishing pigs

28
Q

Deep bedded systems are the most popular alternative to confinment barns because

A

cost less
require less maintenance than traditional confinement
quick/relatively easy to build
can be used for other things when hog prices are down

29
Q

how deep does bedding need to be in deep-bedded systems

A

14-16 inches deep (for around 200-300 pigs)

30
Q

examples of summer bedding

A

soybean fodder, corn stalk, shredded paper, rice hulls

31
Q

examples of winter bedding

A

low quality straw
low quality hay

32
Q

are gestating sows fed similarly to gestating sows in confinement

A

YES

***those in deep-bedded slightly increases in winter

33
Q

pigs finished in hoop structures are generally fed a _______ diet, ad lib similar to pigs finished in confinement

A

grain

34
Q

deep bedded finishing vs. confinement (size and meat)

A

greater weight variation because of competition

smaller loin eye area

more backfat, less muscle

require more feed/pound gain (during winter because barn is colder)

35
Q

what are some things that keep deep-bedded building warm in winter

A

pigs own heat
compositing bedding
deep straw

**pigs will bury themselves

36
Q

Deep-bedded gestating vs. confinement health

A

fewer feet/leg problems

decreased culling and mortality

equal repro performance

lower feed cost

37
Q

deep-bedded finishing vs confinement health

A

lower plasma cortisol

faster growth in summer

lower mortality in summer

higher mortality in winter

fighting

less tail biting/naval sucking

38
Q

environmental consideration/impact of deep-bedded systems

A

manure and urine mix with large amounts of carbonaceous material and composted year around

Run-off/environmental hazards can be reduced

nitrogen leaching from manure packs

Odor is minimized

good ventilation

39
Q

in deep bedded housing, what is the most commonly used barn type

A

hoop barns

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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