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ASC 408G: Swine > Nutrition for life stages (part 2) > Flashcards

Nutrition for life stages (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Phase feeding is used to match the

A

weight and age of the pig

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2
Q

Most operations use a _____________ program however it can vary from 3-6

A

4 phase

**small batches
**quicker turnover

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3
Q

as a pig becomes heavier or older at weaning, the amount of the most complex diets fed after weaned can be _____________

A

reduced

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4
Q

what is the most expensive phase

A

phase 1

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5
Q

phase 1 diet is from __________ to ___________ pounds

A

weaning to 11 pounds

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6
Q

The high _________________ required in the phase 1 diet necessitates multiple protein sources to meet the young pig’s _________________

A

amino acid
nutritional requirements

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7
Q

what are some protein sources used in combination to meet the amino acid requirements and stimulate feed intake includes:

A

spray dried plasma protein
fish meal
dried whey protein concentrate
spray dried blood meal
poultry meal

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8
Q

what two proteins used have high lysine but low methionine and isoleucine

A

spray dried blood meal
spray dried plasma protein

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9
Q

phase 1 diets normally contains how much lactose

A

20-25%

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10
Q

in phase 1 what is the most common source of lactose

A

high quality edible-grade dried whey

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11
Q

growth promoting levels of ____________ of often added to phase 1 diets

A

zinc

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12
Q

when zinc oxide is used for growth promotion, ____________ may provide additive benefit

A

copper

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13
Q

what does:
zinc oxide do
copper sulfate do

A

zinc oxide: increase growth
prevent E.coli
copper sulfate: increase growth

**normally just add one, NOT both

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14
Q

phase 2 diet is from _________ to ________ pounds

A

11 to 15

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15
Q

phase 2 is a natural extension of phase 1 diets, and may contain many of the same ingredients. However the __________________ is decreased

A

complexity of the diet

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16
Q

phase 2 generally contains less specialty ingredients such as

A

spray dried plasma meal

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17
Q

in phase 2 what serves as protein sources

A

fish meal
poultry meal
spray dried blood meal

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18
Q

because pigs are adjusting to soybean meal during phase 1, phase 2 contain

A

higher levels of soybean meal, up to 20%

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19
Q

because pigs are adjusting to soybean meal during phase 1, phase 2 contain

A

higher levels of soybean meal, up to 20%

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20
Q

T/F the lactose level in phase 2 diet is also increased compared to phase 1

A

false, its decreased

contains 15-20% lactose for optimal pig performance

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21
Q

T/F zinc oxide/ copper sulfate should be maintained in phase 2 for growth promotions

A

true

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22
Q

phase 3 is _________ to __________ pounds

A

15 to 25 pounds

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23
Q

phase 4 is _________ to _________ pounds

A

24-45 pounds

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24
Q

phase 3 diet is a ______________-based diet with dried _______________ and spray-dried blood, poultry meal, or fish meal serving as specialty ingredients

A

corn-soybean
whey

** will repeat protein from phase 2
**stop the growth promoter

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25
Q

the phase 4 diet is a simple ________________ diet

A

grain-soybean meal

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26
Q

what phase is the cheapest in the nursery feeding program

A

phase 4

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27
Q

in phase 4: pigs at this weight will start to respond to _______ in the diet. Phase 4 diets have up to approx ______%

A

fat
3

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28
Q

what kind of fat is used in phase 4

A

high quality fat= oil

soybean oil
coconut oil
corn oil

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29
Q

what are the three goals in a nursery feeding program

A
  1. match dietary nutrient levels and ingredients with weight and age of nursery pig
  2. maximize feed intake (make sure palatable)
  3. adjust pig to a lower cost diet as quickly as possible after weaning to reduce total feed cost (slowly shift to SBM, cant do blood meal)
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30
Q

age of weaning decreases, the cost of diet

A

increases

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31
Q

the newly weaned pig has a high capacity for protein deposition in relation to the level of ______________

A

feed intake

32
Q

post-weaning diets must be formulated with high levels of digestable _____________________

A

amino acids

33
Q

since feed intake is limited for nursery pigs, highly digestable ______________ is advantageous to stimulate feed intake and supply _____________________-

A

carbohydrate source
available source of energy

*dried whey= good carb source

34
Q

fat utilization from diets is limited in pigs before approx __________ days of age, however many nursery diets contain dietary fat as it helps ________________

A

35
lubricate pellete mill diet improving pellet quality in diets with high milk products

35
Q

what is the enzyme we are most concerned with

A

amylase

36
Q

the lactating sow needs energy and nutrients to do what 3 main things

A

maintain body tissues
support milk production
allow for maternal growth

37
Q

excessive negative nutrient balance during lactation can be minimized by

A

increased feed intake
increase nutrient concentration of diet (better option=fat)

2-5% fat in lactation diet

38
Q

sows produce how much milk a day

A

3 gallons/day

39
Q

high milk production results in daily nutrient requirements that are ____________ than during gestation

A

3 times

40
Q

the energy/ nutrient requirement of a lactating sow is dependent on

A

her weight
milk yield
body comp (start at 3.5, end around 2.5)
housing environment

41
Q

for highly prolific and productive sows, what is used to support lactation that often results in loss of body weight

A

nutrients from body tissue reserves
feed

42
Q

excessive body weight in lactating sows can lead to

A

short term repro problems like extended wean to estrus interval and smaller litter size

43
Q

lactating sow feed intake __________ from 1st to 6th parity

A

increases

44
Q

sow lactation feed intake often is not enough during lactation to meet the sows energy/nutrient needs for maintenance/milk, especially for parity ____________. These sows _______________ to meet their energy/nutrient requirements

A

1 and 2
mobilize body tissues

45
Q

what does a diet look like for a lactating sow

A

energy and protein (corn/fat and SBM)

supplemental fat

bulky ingredients to help ith constipation (oats, barley, beet pulp, Epsom salt, linseed oil)

46
Q

some producers add bulky feed ingredients to sows diets before and free days after farrowing to prevent___________________ but it may limit their __________

A

constipation & mastitis
total feed intake

47
Q

increasing caloric density of the diet when sow feed intakes are insufficient to meet energy needs, helps partially _________________

A

make up the deficiency in energy intake

48
Q

_______________ increases the daily gain of nursing pigs

A

supplemental fat

49
Q

what is the most capable class of swine to effectively utilize dietary fiber

A

gestating sows

** helps control gestational weight gain

50
Q

T/F dietary fiber decreases the energy and bulky density of the diet limits intake and helps control weight gain

A

true

examples: oats, barley

51
Q

sows are _______ throughout gestation, sows would consume more food if allowed

A

limit-fed

52
Q

limit feeding sows creates ________________ among sows at feeding

A

competition

53
Q

what can be used to help minimize food competition and help feed sows individually

A

Electronic sow feeds/ feeding stalls

54
Q

maternal weight gain accounts for ______% of the sows total energy needs

A

15-25%

55
Q

Parity 0 and parity 1, the sow is still growing so what should be allowed

A

more weight gain should be allowed compared to older sows that have reached their mature body weight

56
Q

gains in maternal body weight provide a _____________ for the upcoming lactation

A

reservoir of nutrients

57
Q

excessive weight gains can predispose the sow to ________________ during lactation

A

poor performance

58
Q

extreme reductions (50-60%) in nutrient intake of gestating sows will reduce _____________________ and decrease ____________________

A

birth weight of pigs
muscle fiber numbers at birth

59
Q

what problems do low birth weight pigs experience

A

decreased growth performance at market

decreased lean content of carcass at harvest

compromised meat quality compared to normal weight pigs

60
Q

gestating sows should be fed a supplemental fat during the last ___________ weeks of gestation to improve the _____________ of the fetus

A

2-3 wks
energy stores

61
Q

T/F feeding a lactation diet containing 3% fat at 6lb/hd/day for 14 days before farrowing will achieve the desired fat intake

A

true

62
Q

the nutrient requirements for maintenance are influenced primarily by what 2 things

A

body weight
housing environment of sow

63
Q

older, heavier sows have _______________ nutrient needs and require ______________ to maintain their body than younger lighter weight sows

A

increased
more feed

64
Q

maintenance energy requirements account for __________% of a sows total energy requirement

A

75-85

65
Q

which situation needs more feed vs. less feed

heavier
cold
hot
older

A

heavier= more feed
cold= more feed
hot= less feed
older= more feed

66
Q

sows will become _____________, use body stores of nutrients, during late gestation because nutrient supply from feed intake ____________________________. To avoid this disparity in nutrient supply and demand most sow farms use ___________________

A

catabolic
will not satisfy daily nutrient needs
phase feeding for gestating sows

67
Q

during early gestation, days ____________, the sows are fed ___________________ because nutrient needs of the developing litter is small

A

0-30
maintenance levels of feed

~12% CP

68
Q

overfeeding during early gestation can have a effect on

A

embryo survival before implantation

69
Q

During mid gestation, day _____________, feed intake is kept __________________, but can be altered if sow needs to lose or gain weight

A

30-75
near maintencance

70
Q

during late gestation, day _______________, fetal growth rate ___________ dramatically compared to early and mid gestation

A

75-114
increases

71
Q

sow feed intake should be increased, _______________ pounds/day increase, during the last ____________ weeks of gestation

A

1.5-2 pounds/day
3-4 weeks

72
Q

large increases in feed intake during late gestation can have negative effects on _________________ and excessive sow weight gains may depress ________________

A

mammary development
feed intake during subsequent lactation

73
Q

feeding during gestation focuses on minimizing ______________________ and preparing the sows for _________________

A

embryo/fetus losses
farrowing and lactation

74
Q

in early stages of gestation the goal is to

A

Ensure max survival of embryos

have large litter size at subsequent farrowing

75
Q

in mid stages of gestation the goal is to

A

growth of developing fetuses

increase nutrient stores in the sow or replenishment of nutrient stores lost from previous lactation

76
Q

in late stages of gestation the goal is to

A

fetal growth increases at rapid rate
mammary development

77
Q

how many phases are there for nursery pigs

A

4

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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