Final Exam - Notes: pages 6-12 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Disease: __________
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)

Etiology: Rubeola virus

Measles

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Disease: Measles
Disease of the __________ (__________ disease)

Etiology: Rubeola virus

respiratory tract

- Contagious

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Disease: Measles
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)

Etiology: __________

Rubeola virus

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-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: __________

Human

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-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: Human:

Found in the __________ of the nose and the __________
This virus can survive on fomites for approximately 2 hours

mucus

- throat

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-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: Human:

Found in the mucus of the nose and the throat
This virus can survive on __________ for approximately __ hours

fomites

- 2

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-Disease: __________ -

Mode of Transmission:

Direct contact
Droplet
-Breathing
-Coughing
-Sneezing

Measles

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-Disease: Measles-

Mode of Transmission:

__________
__________
-Breathing
-Coughing
-Sneezing

Direct contact

- Droplet

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-Disease: Measles-

Signs &amp; Symptoms:
Prodromal:
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  -
--Fever
--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
--Cough

Common Cold

- Running nose

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-Disease: Measles-

Signs & Symptoms:
__________ period:
-Tiny __________ spots with bluish-white centers found inside the mouth (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown rash (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High fever

Invasion

- white

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-Disease: Measles-

Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion period:
-Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers found inside the __________ (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown __________ (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High __________

mouth
rash
fever

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-Disease: Measles-

Invasion period:

__________ infection
pneumonia
__________ (inflammation of the brain leading to convulsions–deafness, brain damage)

- encephalitis

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-Disease: Measles-

Invasion period:

ear infection
pneumonia
encephalitis (inflammation of the __________ leading to convulsions– __________ , brain damage)

brain

- deafness

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-Disease: Measles-

When it transmits __________ it will cause miscarriage or cause __________ delivery

vertically

- premature

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-Disease: Measles-

Treatment:

__________ reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
__________ if there is a secondary infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
Vitamin A reduces the severity of the disease

Fever

- Antibiotics

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-Disease: Measles-

Treatment:
Fever reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
Antibiotics if there is a __________ infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
Vitamin __ reduces the severity of the disease

secondary

- A

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-Disease: Measles-

Prevention: __________ (attenuated vaccine)

MMR vaccine

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-Disease: __________ -

Prevention: MMR vaccine (__________ vaccine)

Measles

- attenuated

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-Disease: Measles-

Post exposure vaccination: given within __ hours of exposure

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-Disease: __________ -

Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity

Pregnant woman
Infants
Immunocompromised individuals

Measles

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-Disease: Measles-

Serum immune __________ given to: (given within__ days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity

Pregnant woman
Infants
Immunocompromised individuals

globulin

- 6

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-Disease: Measles-

Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) -
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ passive immunity
-Pregnant woman
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Immunocompromised individuals

Artificial

- Infants

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Disease: __________ (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the upper respiratory tract

Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diphtheria

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Disease: Diphtheria (part of __________)
- Disease of the upper __________

Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

TDaP

- respiratory tract

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Disease: Diphtheria (part of TDaP) - Disease of the upper respiratory tract Etiology: __________ diphtheriae

-Corynebacterium

-Disease: __________ - Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)

Diphtheria

-Disease: Diphtheria- Produces __________ (cell toxin), which affects the 80S __________, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)

- cytotoxin | - ribosome

-Disease: Diphtheria- Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the __________ of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein __________)

- inhibition | - manufacturing

-Disease: __________ - Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the heart and kidneys.

Diphtheria

-Disease: Diphtheria- Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the __________ and __________.

- heart | - kidneys

-Disease: Diphtheria- Reservoir: __________

Human

-Disease: Diphtheria- Reservoir: - Human: either sick __________ or __________. - Carriers harbor the organism in the nasopharynx region

- people | - carriers

-Disease: Diphtheria- Reservoir: - Human: either sick people or carriers. - __________ harbor the organism in the __________ region

- Carriers | - nasopharynx

-Disease: Diphtheria- Mode of Transmission: __________

Droplet

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: The organism is __________ and only grows in the __________ region

- noninvasive | - nasopharynx

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: __________ : Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “Strep” throat

Prodromal

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: Prodromal: Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore __________ , difficulty swallowing, swollen __________ glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “__________” throat

- throat - lymph - Strep

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: __________ : -Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation -Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin

Invasion

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: Invasion: -__________ forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the __________. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation -Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin

- Pseudomembrane | - throat

-Disease: Diphtheria- Signs & Symptoms: Invasion : -Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from __________ -Heart and __________ failure due to the effects of the toxin

- suffocation | - kidney

-Disease: Diphtheria- Treatment: __________ should be administered as soon as possible

Antiserum

-Disease: Diphtheria- - __________ to kill the bacterium that is alive in the __________ - Tracheotomy

- Antibiotics | - nasopharynx

-Disease: Diphtheria- - Antibiotics to kill the bacterium that is alive in the nasopharynx - __________

Tracheotomy

-Disease: Diphtheria- Prevention: __________ : Booster shots should be given every __ years

- Vaccination | - 10

-Disease: Diphtheria- Diphtheria is __________ because of vaccination

-sporadic

-Disease: Diphtheria- Diphtheria is sporadic because of __________

vaccination

Disease: __________ : Whooping Cough (part of TDaP) - Disease of the lower respiratory system - Chronic disease Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

Pertussis

Disease: Pertussis: __________ (part of TDaP) - Disease of the lower respiratory system - Chronic disease Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

Whooping Cough

Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP) - Disease of the lower __________ system - __________ disease Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

- respiratory | - Chronic

Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP) - Disease of the lower respiratory system - Chronic disease Etiology: __________ pertussis

Bordetella

-Disease: _________ - fimbriae, produces numerous exotoxins - Tracheal cytotoxin: damage to ciliated cells - Leukotoxin

Pertussis

-Disease: Pertussis- fimbriae, produces numerous _________ -Tracheal _________: damage to ciliated cells

- exotoxins | - cytotoxin

-Disease: Pertussis- Reservoir: _________

Human

-Disease: Pertussis- Mode of Transmission: _________

Droplet

-Disease: Pertussis- Catarrhal (_________): _________ (Invasion):

- Prodromal | - Paroxysmal

-Disease: Pertussis- _________ (Prodromal): Paroxysmal (_________):

- Catarrhal | - Invasion

-Disease: Pertussis- ``` Catarrhal (Prodromal): Signs and symptoms of a _________ - _________ during this stage -All the bacteria are destroyed by immune cells by end of this stage -The toxin continues to have an effect ```

- common cold | - Contagious

-Disease: Pertussis- Catarrhal (Prodromal): Signs and symptoms of a common cold -Contagious during this stage -All the bacteria are destroyed by _________ cells by end of this stage -The _________ continues to have an effect

- immune | - toxin

-Disease: Pertussis- Paroxysmal (Invasion): - _________with a gasp for air (“whoop” sound) - _________ during this stage

- cough | - Noncommunicable

-Disease: _________- Treatment: Antibiotics before the paroxysmal stage

Pertussis

-Disease: Pertussis- Treatment: Antibiotics before the _________ stage

paroxysmal

-Disease: Pertussis- Prevention: _________ : Adults should get _________ shots

- Vaccination | - booster

-Disease: Pertussis- Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from _________ infections

secondary

-Disease: _________ - Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from secondary infections

Pertussis

-Disease: _________ - The most common cause of the secondary infection is pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pertussis

-Disease: Pertussis - The most common cause of the secondary infection is _________ caused by _________ pneumoniae

- pneumonia | - Streptococcus

-Disease: Pertussis - In adults the disease is commonly misdiagnosed as _________ Adults don't have violent cough with whoop sound

bronchitis

Disease: Tetanus: nervous system disease (part of TDaP) Etiology: _________ tetani

Clostridium

Disease: _________: nervous system disease (part of TDaP) Etiology: Clostridium tetani

Tetanus

-Disease: _________ - - Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. - Tetanospasmin causes muscle contraction without relaxation

Tetanus

-Disease: Tetanus- -Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called _________, which causes muscle contraction without _________

- tetanospasmin | - relaxation

-Disease: Tetanus- Reservoir: _________

Soil

-Disease: Tetanus- Mode of Transmission: _________ contact by the _________ route

- Indirect | - parenteral

-Disease: _________ - Prodromal: commonly misdiagnosed as a migraine -Restlessness, irritability and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, headache

Tetanus

-Disease: Tetanus- commonly misdiagnosed as a _________ -Restlessness, _________ and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, _________

- migraine - irritability - headache

-Disease: _________ - Invasion: - Lockjaw - Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back) - Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin) - Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)

Tetanus

-Disease: Tetanus- Invasion: - _________ - Opisthotonos due to spastic _________ (bowing of the back) - Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin) - Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)

- Lockjaw | - paralysis

-Disease: Tetanus- Invasion: - Lockjaw - Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back) - Risus _________ (sarcastic grin) - Death from _________ distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)

- sardonicus | - respiratory

-Disease: _________ - Treatment: -Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible -Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide H2O2------catalase---H2O + O2 This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate) -Antibiotics

Tetanus

-Disease: Tetanus- Treatment: -Tetanus _________ (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible -Clean wound with _________ peroxide H2O2------catalase---H2O + O2 This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate) -Antibiotics

- antitoxin | - hydrogen

-Disease: Tetanus- Treatment: -Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible -Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide H2O2-- _________ --H2O + O2 This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate) - _________

- catalase | - Antibiotics

-Disease: Tetanus- Prevention: _________: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every __ years

- Vaccination | - 10

-Disease: _________ - Prevention: Vaccination: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every 10 years

Tetanus

-Disease: Tetanus- - Tetanus has a very high _________ rate - The disease is sporadic in the U.S.A. - Due to _________

- mortality | - vaccination

-Disease: Tetanus- - There are over 100,000 _________ that get the disease and die every year. - This is called Tetanus _________

- newborns | - neonatorum

-Disease: Tetanus- Occurs in cultures where dirty instruments are used to perform _________ or to cut the umbilical cord. Then the _________ if often covered with a mixture of dung, dirt, ash and water.

- circumcision | - wound

Disease: _________ (Food intoxication): nervous system disease Etiology: Clostridium botulinum

Botulism

Disease: Botulism (_________): nervous system disease Etiology: Clostridium botulinum

Food intoxication

Disease: Botulism (Food intoxication): nervous system disease Etiology: _________ botulinum

Clostridium

-Disease: _________ - Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called botulin Botulin causes muscle relaxation

Botulism

-Disease: Botulism- - Produces exotoxin that is a _________ called botulin - _________ causes muscle relaxation

- neurotoxin | - Botulin

-Disease: Botulism- Reservoir: _________

Soil

-Disease: Botulism- Mode of Transmission: - Vehicle: _________ - _________ acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated - Acid blocks _________ germination - High acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit - Low acid foods are green and yellow vegetables and meat

- food borne - Low - endospore

-Disease: Botulism- Mode of Transmission: - Vehicle: foodborne - Low acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated - Acid blocks endospore germination - _________ acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit - Low acid foods are _________ and _________ vegetables and meat

- High - green - yellow

-Disease: Botulism- _________ : -Blurred or double vision, slurred speech, difficulty walking - Stroke, intoxication _________ : -Progressive flaccid paralysis -Respiratory paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract

- Prodromal | - Invasion

-Disease: Botulism- Prodromal: -Blurred or double _________, slurred speech, difficulty walking - _________, intoxication

- vision | - Stroke

-Disease: Botulism- Invasion: - Progressive _________ paralysis - _________ paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract

- flaccid | - Respiratory

-Disease: _________ - Treatment: - Antitoxin should be given as soon as possible - Patients are put on a respirator to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their diaphragm can contract.

Botulism

-Disease: Botulism- Treatment: - _________ should be given as soon as possible - Patients are put on a _________ to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their _________ can contract.

- Antitoxin - respirator - diaphragm

-Disease: Botulism- Prevention: - _________ : not commonly given to civilians - _________ food to 100 0C for >30 min (in practice this is not very feasible)

- Vaccination | - Heat

-Disease: Botulism- Prevention: Properly process _________ acid foods that are going to be canned. Low acid food should be _________ canned (use of a pressure cooker to destroy endospores)

- low | - pressure

-Disease: Botulism- Commercial _________ for canned products - Uses _________ treatment

- sterilization | - UHT

-Disease: Botulism- Wound botulism: Acquired through the _________ route

parenteral

-Disease: Botulism- Botulin has the lowest _________ of any known toxin

L.D.

-Disease: Botulism- Nitrates and _________ are added to meat products to prevent _________ of Clostridium botulinum from germinating.

- nitrites | - endospores

-Disease: Botulism- When meat such as hot dogs or bacon is cooked at _________ temperature the nitrates and nitrites will react with amino-acids in the meat to form chemicals called _________.

- high | - nitrosamines

-Disease: Botulism- Nitrosamine fails the test for _________. Long–term consumption of these compounds has been linked to _________ cancer

- mutagenicity | - liver

-Disease: Botulism- Mutagenic - Products that are mutagenic have high risk of being _________

carcinogenic

Final Exam - Notes: pages 6-12 Flashcards

(108 cards)