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Pharmacology > Fluids > Flashcards

Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

colloid osmotic pressure is due to?

A

plasma proteins

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2
Q

Hydrostatic pressure can also be referred to as?

A

blood pressure

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3
Q

Crystalloids supply?

A

water and electrolytes

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4
Q

Crystalloids are plasma volume…?

A

expanders due to sodium concentration

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5
Q

do crystalloids contain proteins/large molecules?

A

no, but colloids do.

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6
Q

what is the concentration of NS?

A

0.9% sodium chloride

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7
Q

What type of solution is D5W?

A

it is a hypotonic solution but it is isotonic while still in the bag

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8
Q

what type of solution is lactated ringers?

A

isotonic

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9
Q

what is the concentration of half normal saline?

A

0.45% sodium chloride

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10
Q

What is the concentration of hypertonic saline?

A

3% sodium chloride

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11
Q

crystalloids are used to treat?

A

dehydration. used as replacement/maintenance fluids

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12
Q

what is the only fluid used with administration of blood cell products?

A

0.9% NS because it is a isotonic solution

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13
Q

How do colloids work?

A

they move fluid from interstitial compartment into plasma compartment because there would be more plasma proteins in the vascular system. Therefore they increase plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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14
Q

when are colloids used?

A

in hypovolemic shock to restore BP

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15
Q

Adverse effects of colloids?

A

may cause altered coagulation which may result in bleeding. They also have no oxygen carrying capacity

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16
Q

what is the most expensive and least available fluid?

A

blood products

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17
Q

how to blood products work?

A

they increase COP and PV by pulling fluid from interstitial space and into vessel. Therefore they are plasma expanders

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18
Q

What is fresh frozen plasma used for?

A

to increase clotting factor levels in clients with demonstrated deficiency such as a coagulation disorder.

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19
Q

Indications os using packed RBCs suspended in saline or whole blood?

A

To increase oxygen carrying capacity as in anemia, substantial Hb deficits or a blood loss greater than 25% of total blood volume

20
Q

How should you administer colloids?

A

slowly

21
Q

what should the nurse monitor for when giving volume expanders?

A

monitor for fluid overload and heart failure. Seen by high blood pressures and bounding pulses.

22
Q

Normal ECF volume of potassium?

A

3.5-5mmol/L

23
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficiency of potassium (less than 3.5mmol/L)

24
Q

Causes of hypokalemia?

A

loop and thiazide diuretics, vomitting and diarrhea

25
Q

Patient awareness of hypokalemia?

A
  • muscle weakness and/or lethargy
  • cardiac dysthymias (irregular pulse)
  • paralytic ileus (decrease in bowel motility)
26
Q

what is important about IV potassium?

A

Nurses must use extreme caution and infuse very slowly

27
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

excessive serum potassium level (more than 5 mol/L)

28
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia?

A

There are many causes, one of which is potassium sparing diuretics

29
Q

Most concerning symptom of hyperkalemia?

A

cardiac rhythm irregularities leading to possible ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest

30
Q

rates of potassium infusion should not exceed

A

10 mmol/hr

31
Q

NEVER give potassium as an?

A

IV bolus or undiluted

32
Q

Oral forms of potassium must be?

A

diluted in water or juice to minimize GI distress or irritation

33
Q

Normal ECF concentration of sodium?

A

135-145 mmol/L

34
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A
  • control of water distribution
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • osmotic pressure of bodily fluids
  • participates in acid base balance
35
Q

Hyponatremia

A

sodium loss of deficiency where serum levels are less than 135 mmol/L

36
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures

37
Q

Causes of hyponatremia?

A

same and hypokalemia and also excessive sweating

38
Q

Hypernatremia

A

sodium excess. Serum levels more than 145 mmol/L

39
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

edema and hypertension, red flushed skin, dry sticky mucous membranes, increased thirst, elevated temperature and decreased urine output.

40
Q

Causes of hypernatremia?

A

kidney malfunction

41
Q

Treatment for mild sodium depletion?

A

oral sodium chloride and/or fluid restriction

42
Q

treatment for severe sodium depletion?

A

IV NS solution or lactated ringers solution

43
Q

advantages of crystalloids?

A

few side effects, low cost and wide availability

44
Q

disadvantages of crystalloids?

A

short duration of action and may cause edema

45
Q

advantages of colloids?

A

longer duration of action and less fluid required to correct hypovolemia

46
Q

disadvantages of colloids?

A

Higher cost, may cause fluid overload, may interfere with clotting, and risk of anaphylactic reactions

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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