Fractures and Bone Healing Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Fractures and Bone Healing Deck (25)
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1
Q

What is the most common fracture under the age of 75?

A

Colles fracture

2
Q

What is the most common fracture over the age of 75?

A

Hip fracture

3
Q

When are fractures most common in men and women?

A

In men = under 45

In women = over 45

4
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

Where the bone fragments don’t pierce the skin

5
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

The bone fragments from fracture pierce the skin

6
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

Where the fracture has moved the bone out of it’s anatomical position

7
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Usually caused by direct force to the fracture site, and is a horizontal fracture

8
Q

What is a spiral/oblique fracture?

A

Caused by violence transmitted through the limb from a distance, often due to twisting movements. The fracture is a diagonal line.

9
Q

What is a crush/compression fracture?

A

Where there is a fracture in the cancellous bone (trabecular) and is a result of compression, and is often seen in osteoporosis, especially in the vertebrae.

10
Q

What is a burst fracture?

A

This is where strong direct pressure leads to impaction (of a vertebral disc) which leads to a burst appearance. This only occurs in the short bones such as the vertebrae.

11
Q

Where are burst fractures most likely to occur?

A

Thoraco-lumbar vertebral junction.

12
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

Where the bone fragment is torn off by a tendon or ligament

13
Q

What is a dislocation/subluxation fracture?

A

Where a fracture involves a joint and results in mal-alignment of the joint surfaces

14
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

Where the bone fragments are forced into each other

15
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Where there are two or more bony pieces affected; usually the result of high-energy trauma

16
Q

What are the two types of stress fracture?

A

Fatigue and insufficiency

17
Q

What is a fatigue fracture?

A

Where there is abnormal stress on a normal bone leading to fracture

18
Q

What is an insufficiency fracture?

A

When there is normal stress on an abnormal bone leading to a fracture

19
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Where there is a bend in the bone without a complete fracture; tend to occur in children where the bones are softer.

20
Q

What are the four stages of fracture healing?

A

Haematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation and bone remodelling

21
Q

Describe haematoma formation in fracture healing

A

The blood released from the broken vessels clots within 6-8 hours after the injury followed by swelling and inflammation to remove the dead bone cells (osteocytes) at the fracture site

22
Q

Describe fibrocartilaginous callous formation in fracture healing

A

New capillaries organise the fracture haematoma into a granulation tissue known as a ‘pro-callus’. Fibroblasts and osteogenic cells then invade the pro-callus and make collagen fibres to connect the ends together followed by the production of fibrocartilage by chondroblasts. Inflammatory cells then appear and organise and resorb the clots as new capillaries form. The fibroblasts then enter and differentiate as chondrocytes which then produce collagen which bridges the fracture site cartilage and the trabecular bone that has been laid down.

23
Q

Describe bony callus formation in fracture healing

A

Osteoblasts make woven bone, and this lasts 3-4 months.

24
Q

Describe bone remodelling in fracture healing

A

Osteoclasts remodel the woven bone into compact and trabecular bone, and thereafter there is often no trace of the fracture line on x-rays.

25
Q

Outline the process of fracture healing

A

Blood capillaries are damaged and the leaked blood forms clots followed by inflammation to remove the dead osteocytes. New capillaries then reorganise the haematoma and collagen is produced from invading fibroblasts which connects the two ends. Osteoblasts then make woven bone and thereafter bone remodelling takes place (woven into compact and trabecular bone)