Revision of the Lower Limb Anatomy

Question 1

What is Shenton’s line?

Answer 1

An imaginary curved line drawn along the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus (superior border of the obturator foramen) and along the inferomedial border of the neck of femur. This line should be continuous and smooth.

Question 2

Name four ligaments at the hip joint

Answer 2

Pubo-femoral
Ilio-femoral
Ischio-femoral
Ligamentum teres (inside joint capsule)

Question 3

Which artery supplies the head of the femur?

Answer 3

Acetabular branch of the obturator artery

Question 4

What’s the blood supply to the neck of the femur?

Answer 4

Medial circumflex femoral artery (a branch off profunda femoris)

Question 5

What are the three main arteries that supply the head and neck of the femur?

Answer 5

Acetabular branch of obturator artery, lateral and medial circumflex arteries (from deep femoral artery)

Question 6

Name two ligaments of the pelvis

Answer 6

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 7

Where does gluteus maximus lie in relation to gluteus medium and minimum?

Answer 7

In front of

Question 8

What is the primary function of gluteus maximus?

Answer 8

Hip extensor and lateral rotator

Question 9

Where does the iliotibial tract insert?

Answer 9

Anterolateral tubercle of the tibia

Question 10

What are the insertion points of the gluteus maximus muscle?

Answer 10

3/4 insets into the IT band and 1/4 insets into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur

Question 11

Where is the tensor fascia latae muscle located?

Answer 11

Lateral anterior thigh above the IT band

Question 12

What is the nerve supply to the lateral rotators of the hip?

Answer 12

L5-S1

Question 13

What are the lateral rotators of the hip?

Answer 13

Piriformis, superior gemelli, inferior gemelli, obturator interns and quadratus femoris

Question 14

What muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

Answer 14

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae

Question 15

What muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?

Answer 15

Gluteus maximus

Question 16

What muscles does the anterior compartment of the thigh contain?

Answer 16

Quadriceps (+iliopsoas and sartortius)

Question 17

What is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh (quadriceps)?

Answer 17

The femoral nerve L2-L4

Question 18

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the thigh (quadriceps)?

Answer 18

Flex hip and extend the knee

Question 19

What muscles does the medial compartment of the thigh contain?

Answer 19

Hip adductors

Question 20

What is the nerve supply to the medial compartment of the thigh (hip adductors)

Answer 20

The obturator nerve (L2-L4)

Question 21

Which muscles make up the quadriceps?

Answer 21

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris

Question 22

What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 22

Hip adduction

Question 23

What muscles does the posterior compartment of the thigh contain?

Answer 23

Hamstrings

Question 24

What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh (hip adductors)

Answer 24

Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

Question 25

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 25

Hip extension and knee flexion

Question 26

What is the function of iliopsoas muscle and where is it found?

Answer 26

It consists of iliacus (on the ilium) and psoas major (from lumbar spine into neck of femur). It's the major flexor of the hip joint

Question 27

What is the major flexor of the hip joint?

Answer 27

Iliopsoas

Question 28

What is the function of sartorius and where is it found?

Answer 28

Goes from ASIS to medial knee (long and thin on a diagonall). It works to flex the hip and knee

Question 29

What is the origin and attachment of the hamstrings?

Answer 29

All originate at the ischial tuberosity and attach distally to the tibia so act to flex the knee joint

Question 30

What are the hamstring muscles?

Answer 30

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris (long-head) Semimembranosus lies above semitendinosus

Question 31

What are the hip adductors in the medial compartment? (4)

Answer 31

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor braves and gracilis

Question 32

What is the origin and attachment of the hip adductors in the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 32

Attach to the pelvis and distally to the lines asperea

Question 33

What is the pes anserinus?

Answer 33

Point on the medial knee where sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus all insert

Question 34

What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 34

L1-L4

Question 35

Name the nerves of the lumbar plexus in order

Answer 35

``` Subcostal Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral cutaneous (of thigh)) Femoral Obturator Lumbosacral ``` Some Idiots In Georgia Like Falling Off Logs

Question 36

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Answer 36

Superiorly: inguinal ligament Lateral: Sartorius Media: Adductor longus

Question 37

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 37

NAV (lateral to medial) | Femoral nerve, artery, vein as well as deep inguinal lymph nodes

Question 38

Where does the deep femoral artery pass between?

Answer 38

Pectineus and adductor longus

Question 39

Where is the great saphenous vein located?

Answer 39

From anterior leg up to the anterior thigh

Question 40

Where is the small saphenous vein located?

Answer 40

Posteriorly up from the achilles tendon to the popliteal vein

Question 41

How many bony articulations are there at the knee?

Answer 41

3

Question 42

What are the three articulations at the knee?

Answer 42

> Lateral femoral and tibial condyles with menisci > Medial femoral and tibial condyles with menisci > Patella and femur

Question 43

What does the stability of the knee depend upon?

Answer 43

Strength and action of surrounding muscles and their tendons as well as the ligaments that connect the femur and tibia

Question 44

Describe the medial meniscus of the knee

Answer 44

Meniscus is C-shaped, broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Attached to the ACL ligament anteriorly and the tibial collateral ligament.

Question 45

To what structures does the medial meniscus attach?

Answer 45

ACL and tibial collateral ligament

Question 46

Describe the lateral meniscus of the knee

Answer 46

Nearly circular in structure and is smaller and more freely movable. It's attached to the PCL.

Question 47

To what structures does the lateral meniscus attach?

Answer 47

PCL

Question 48

What is the function of the collateral ligaments of the knee?

Answer 48

Stabilise the hinge-like movement of the knee joint

Question 49

What are the two types of collateral ligament present at the knee?

Answer 49

Fibular colateral ligament and tibial collateral ligament

Question 50

What are the two cruciate ligaments of the knee?

Answer 50

ACL and PCL

Question 51

What are the ligaments of the knee?

Answer 51

Cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) and collateral ligaments (fibular and tibial)

Question 52

Which is the strongest cruciate ligament?

Answer 52

PCL

Question 53

What is the function of the PCL?

Answer 53

Stops the tibia moving backwards on the femur (and prevents external rotation of tibia)

Question 54

Describe the attachments of the PCL

Answer 54

PCL ligament runs from posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to the medial wall of the femoral intercondylar fossa

Question 55

What is the function of the ACL?

Answer 55

Stops tibia moving forward on the femur and stabilises knee in extension to prevent hyperextension and excessive internal rotation

Question 56

Describe the attachments of the ACL

Answer 56

Runs from facet on the anterior part of the intercondylar area of tibia and ascends posteriorly to attach to the back of the lateral wall of the intercondylar fossa of the femur

Question 57

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 57

Medial superior: semimembranosus/semitendinosus Lateral superior: biceps femoris Inferior: two head of gastrocnemius

Question 58

What nerve runs along the surface of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 58

Sural nerve

Question 59

What structures pass through the popliteal fossa?

Answer 59

Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, small saphenous vein, common peroneal nerve, tibial nerve and rural nerve

Question 60

What are the arteries that supply the knee?

Answer 60

Genicular arteries (supplyd by femoral artery mainly)

Question 61

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 61

Dorsiflexion, extension of the digits

Question 62

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 62

Anterior tibial artery

Question 63

What is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 63

Deep peroneal nerve

Question 64

What is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 64

Eversion of the foot

Question 65

What is the nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 65

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 66

What is the blood supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 66

Fibular artery

Question 67

What is the function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 67

Plantarflexion and flexion of digits

Question 68

What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 68

Tibial nerve

Question 69

What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 69

Posterior tibial artery

Question 70

Which compartments of the leg does the common peroneal nerve supply?

Answer 70

Anterior (dorsiflexion) and lateral (eversion)

Question 71

What type of joint is the ankle?

Answer 71

Hinge (between tibia, fibula and talus)

Question 72

How many ankle ligaments are there?

Answer 72

3 lateral and 1 medial (strong)

Question 73

Name the three lateral ligaments of the ankle joint

Answer 73

Anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament

Question 74

What is the medial ligament of the ankle called?

Answer 74

Deltoid ligament