Generalities Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are your mobile genetic elements?
A
- Bacteriophage
- Plasmids
- Transposons
2
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]
DNA within a nuclear membrane
A
Eukaryotes
3
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]
membrane bound organelles
A
Eukaryote
4
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]
50S + 30S ribosomes
A
prokaryotes
5
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote]
60S + 40S ribosomes
A
eukaryote
6
Q
____ is the rate at which particles if a given size and shape travel; rate at which a molecule sediments under the centrifugal force of a centrifuge
A
Svedberg unit
7
Q
___ is the area where prokaryotes store their genetic information
A
nucleoloid
8
Q
___ are the only bacteria with sterols in their cell membrane
A
mycoplasma
9
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote/Viruse]
has either DNA or RNA
No ribosomes
has protein capsid
has lipoprotein envelope
A
virus
10
Q
[Prokaryote/Eukaryote/Viruse]
has both DNA and RNA 70S ribosomes no mitochondria some are motile divide by binary fission
A
bacteria
11
Q
What is the Svedberg unit for the ribosomes of the fungi
A
80S
12
Q
____ also refers to jumping genes
A
transposon
13
Q
What are the two methods of transposition?
A
- Cut and paste (direct)
2. Copy and paste (replicative)
14
Q
___ are non cellular infectious proteins
A
prions
15
Q
pathological prions predominantly have what secondary structure
A
beta sheets
16
Q
[Prion Disease]
PrPSc accumulates in which part of the cell?
A
Endosome
17
Q
[Prion Disease]
Higher cortical dysfunction leading to dementia
A
CJD
18
Q
[Prion Disease]
Cerebellar manifestation then to dysdiadochokinesia, ataxia, myoclonic jerks
A
Kuru
19
Q
[Prion Disease]
mad cow disease is also known as
A
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
20
Q
What is the required standard autoclave conditions?
A
121 deg C
15 to 20 mins
15 psi
21
Q
[Bacterial Structure]
What enzyme crosslinks the sugar backbone to a peptide side chain to make bacterial cell wall
A
transpeptidase
22
Q
What bond forms between NAM and NAG in the peptidoglycan?
A
beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
23
Q
[Gram + or Gram -]
presence of lipopolysaccharide and periplasmic space
A
Gram negative
think
24
Q
[Gram + or Gram -]
presence of teichoic acids
A
Gram positive
Thick, multilayer
25
Gram Negative cell walls contain endotoxin consist of ____
Lipid A and Lipid O
26
___ gram positive bacteria that has endotoxin
Listera monocytogenes
27
What are the steps in gram staining?
1. Primary stain - crystal violet
2. Mordant - iodine
3. Decolorizing - acetone
4. Counterstain - safranin
28
What is the primary stain to detect mycobacteria?
Carbol fuchsin
29
What is the mordant used in AFB smear?
steam heating
30
What is the counterstain used to detect mycobacteria?
Malachite green or methylene blue
31
[Diagnostic modality]
spirochetes
darkfield microscopy
32
[Diagnostic modality]
legionella
silver stain
33
[Diagnostic modality]
Chlamydiae
Giemsa stain --> inclusion bodies
34
[Diagnostic modality]
rickettsiae
Giemsa/Tissue stains
35
What are the bacteria not seen in gram stain
1. Treponema
2. Rickettsia
3. Mycobacteria
4. Mycoplasma
5. Legionella
6. Chlamydia
36
[Essential Components of bacteria]
Site of oxidative and transport enzyme
cytoplasmic membrane
37
[Essential Components of bacteria]
protein synthesis
ribosome
38
[Essential Components of bacteria]
genetic material
nucleoid
39
[Essential Components of bacteria]
participates in cell division and secretion
mesosome
40
[Essential Components of bacteria]
contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases
periplasm
41
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
protect against phagocytosis
capsule
polysaccharide
42
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
for attachment and conjugation
pilus or fimbria
glycoprotein
43
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
mediates adherence to surfaces
glycocalyx
polysaccharide
44
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
for motility
flagellum
protein
45
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
resistance to heat and chemical
Spore
keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid
46
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins
plasmid
47
[Non-essential Components of bacteria]
site of nutrients in cytoplasm
granule
48
The capsule of bacillus anthracis is composed on ____
polypeptide of D-glutamate
49
Quellung reaction is also called ___ reaction
Neufeld reaction
50
___ is an extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently
plasmids
51
plasmids can be integrated into the bacterial chromosome called ____
episomes
52
Plasmids are significant for bacteria since it plays a role in ____
1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Resistance to heavy metals
3. Resistance to UV light
4. Pili
5. Exotoxin and enterotoxin
6. beacteriocin
53
In conjugation, who creates a conjugation pilus? (Donor/Receptor)
Donor
It creates a cytosolic bridge
54
[Method of microbial control]
destroys or eliminates ALL forms of microbial life, including spores
Sterilization
autoclaving
55
[Method of microbial control]
eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores in inanumate object
Disinfection
like applying rubbing alcohol
56
[Method of microbial control]
reduction or removal of transient microbial flora
antisepsis
57
[Method of microbial control]
disinfection of living tissue or skin of a patient
antisepsis
58
[Method of microbial control]
Reduction of microbial contamination to an acceptable level
sanitization
59
[Method of microbial control]
physical removal of microorganisms by using soaps or detergents
Degerming or cleaning
60
[Method of microbial control]
handwashing with soap and running water
degerming or cleaning
61
[Phase of bacterial growth]
depletion of metabolite as the result of unfavorable condition; zero growth rate
Phase 1 - lag phase
1. adaptation to new environment
2. Incorporation of nutrients
62
[Phase of bacterial growth]
vigorous metabolic activity but cells do not divide
Phase 1 - lag phase
63
[Phase of bacterial growth]
beta-lactams act during this phase
Phase 2 - log or exponential phase
64
[Phase of bacterial growth]
rapid cell division occurs
Phase 2 - log or exponential phase
65
[Phase of bacterial growth]
spore formation
Phase 3 - stationary phase
66
[Phase of bacterial growth]
exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products; ZERO growth rate
Phase 3 - stationary phase
67
[Phase of bacterial growth]
| negative growth rate
decline or death phase
68
[Bacterial oxygen metabolism]
What are the toxic products of oxygen metabolism
1. Superoxide - Superoxide dismutase
| 2. Hydrogen peroxide - catalase, peroxidase
69
[Aerobic metabolism]
completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation
obligate aerobes
70
[Aerobic metabolism]
use fermentation, but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have SOD
microaerophiles
71
[Anaerobic metabolism]
utilize O2 if available but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative anaerobes
72
[Anaerobic metabolism]
exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of O2
Aerotolerant anaerobes
73
[Anaerobic metabolism]
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack SOD, peroxidase, catalase
Obligate anaerobes
74
Cite examples of obligate anaerobes
1. Actinomyces
2. Bacteroides
3. Clostridium
75
Cite examples of obligate aerobes
1. Nocardia
2. Neisseria
3. Pseudomonas
4. Mycobacteria
5. Pseudomonas
6. Bordetella/Brucella/ Bacillus cereus
7. Legionella
76
[Bacterial Genetics]
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
77
[Bacterial Genetics]
purified DNA taken up by a cell
transformation
78
[Bacterial Genetics]
DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another
conjugation
79
[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]
Transfer from male to female is ___ (bidirectional/unidirectional)
Undirectional
Male transfers plasmid to female then both becomes male
80
[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]
What part of the plasmid is transferred first?
OriT
81
[Bacterial Genetics: Conjugation]
What part of the plasmid is transferred last?
tra region
82
[Bacterial Genetics: Transduction]
___ cycle wherein the new phage DNA are synthesized and assembled into virions
lytic cycle
83
[Bacterial Genetics: Transduction]
___ cycle wherein phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosomes by recombination becoming a prophage
lysogenic cycle
84
What are examples of your prophage-coded bacteria?
1. shigA-like toxin: EHEC
2. Botulinum
3. Cholera
4. Diphtheria
5. Erythrogenic toxin
85
[Normal flora]
mouth
viridans streptoccus
86
[Normal flora]
dental plaque
streptococcus mutans
87
[Bacterial adherence]
___ mediates attachment of bacteria
pili
88
[Bacterial adherence]
___ mediate strong adherence to surface of human cells
glycocalyx
89
[Bacterial adherence]
___ mediate binding of endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin
curli
Like salmonella
90
[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]
used to spread through subcutaneous tissue
1. collagenase
| 2. hyaluronidase
91
[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]
accelerates formation of fibrin clot coating the organism with a layer of fibrin
coagulase
92
[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]
allows adherence to mucous membranes
IgA protease
93
[Enzymes in bacterial invasion]
destroys neutrophilic leukocyte and macrophages
Leucocidin (Panton-Valentine leucocidin)
94
What are the bacteria with IgA protease?
SHiNe My Gong
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae
3. Neisseria meningitidis
4. Neisseria gonorrhea
95
[Virulence factor]
protect against phagocytosis
polysaccharide capsule
96
[Virulence factor]
opsonization
polysaccharide capsule
97
[Virulence factor]
S. pyogenes has __ protein
M protein
98
[Virulence factor]
S. aureus has ___ protein
protein A
99
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
Produced by gram negative bacteria only
endotoxin
100
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
genes located in the bacterial chromosome, has a lipopolysaccharide chemistry
endotoxin
no vaccine available
101
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
Endotoxins are stable even up to this temperature
____ 100 deg C for 1 hour
102
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
location of genes of exotoxin
plasmid or bacteriophage
103
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
exotoxins are composed of ___
polypeptides
secreted from cell
104
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
high antigenicity
exoctoxin
use toxoids as vaccine
105
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
Exotoxins are destroyed rapidly at 60 deg C except for ____
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
106
[Virulence factor: Toxin production]
produced inside the cell as part of their metabolism
exotoxin
107
[Virulence factor: Exotoxin]
What are the subunits of exotoxin?
A subunit
| B subunit
108
Cite examples of bacteria that employs plasmid?
1. Shigella dysenteriae
2. ETEC
3. B. anthracis
4. C. tetani
109
Cite examples of bacteria that employs phage?
1. P. aeruginosa
2. S. aureus
3. S. pyogenes
4. C. botulinum
110
Cite examples of bacteria that employs bacterial chromosome
1. S. aureus
2. S. pyogenens
3. C. perfrigenges
4. P. aeruginosa
5. EHEC
6. V. cholerae
7. B. pertussis
111
Toxin of S. aureus that alter cellular component
alpha toxin
112
[Virulence factor: Exotoxin]
Subunit that is that is a toxic subunit
A subunit
B is for binding
113
Toxin of S. pyogenes that alter cellular component
Streptolysin O
114
Toxin of C. perfinges that alter cellular component
alpha toxin
115
Toxin of pseudomonas that alter cellular component
Type III cytotoxin
116
Toxin of Salmonella spp that alter cellular component
Type III cytotoxin
117
Toxin of S. aureus that is a superantigen from a bacterial chromosome
TSST-1
Superantigen activate Tcells
118
Toxin of S. aureus that is a superantigen from a phage
Enterotoxin
119
Toxin of S. pyogenes that is a superantigen from a bacterial chromosome
Erythrogenic toxin A and C
120
Diptheriae toxin inhibits what ___
protein synthesis
121
Toxin of P. aeruginosa that ribosylates EF2?
Exotoxin A
122
Toxin of S. dysenteriae that inactivates 60S
Shiga toxin
123
Toxin of EHEC that inactivates 60S?
Shiga-like toxin or Vero toxin
124
Cholera toxin increases the synthesis of what secondary messenger?
cAMP
125
What are the toxins of ETEC that increases cAMP by turning on stimulatory G protein
LT toxin
| ST toxin
126
Anthrax toxin increases cAMP synthesis by ___
activating adenylate cyclase activity
127
Pertussis toxin increase cAMP synthesis by ____
turning off inhibitory G protein
128
Tetanus toxin inhibits ___ release
NT releasse
129
Botulinum toxin inhibits ____
acetylcholine release
130
[Virulence factor: Endotoxin]
What is the toxic component of lipopolysaccharide?
Lipid A
131
What are the effects of Lipid A?
1. Overproduction of cytokine
2. Complement cascade
3. Coagulation cascade activation
132
Lipid A activates macrophages leading to increased in what body products
1. IL-1
2. TNF
3. Nitric oxide
