Protozoan - Microbio Handout Flashcards by Clyde Silverio

[Types of host]

Parasite attans sexual maturity

definitive or final host

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[Types of host]

harbos asexual or larval stage

intermediate host

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[Types of host]

does not develop further to later stages

paratenic host

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[Types of host]

allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

reservoir host

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__ infected individual further infected with same species leading to massive infection

superinfection

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[Arthropods]

intense itching, pimple-like skin rash

spread by direct, prolonged, skin-to-skin contact

distributed in the finger webs, wrist, axillae, areaola, umbilicus, lower abdomen, genitalia, buttocks

Scabies

Tx: permethrin

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What are the components of the circle of hebra?

finger webs, wrist, axillae, areaola, umbilicus, lower abdomen, genitalia, buttocks

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Scabies mite fecal matter is called

Scybala

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Under a microscope, what do you look for to know if it is scabies?

Mite
Eggs
Mite fecal matter

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[Arthropods]

pruritus iof scalp or trunk, nits on hair shadr

P. humanus

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[Arthropods]

pruritus in pubic area, nits on hair shaft

Pthirus pubis

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[Arthropods]

pruritic, painful and erythematous nodule

Dermatobia hominis

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[Arthropods]

pruritic, erythematous wheal, bite marks arranged in a line or cluster

Bedbug

Cimex lectularius

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[Arthropods]

Drug that is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

malathion

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[Arthropods]

drug that blocks GABA channel, can cause neurotoxicity

Lindane

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[Arthropods]

drug that cause neuronal membrane depolarization via Na channel

permethrin

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Cite examples of your protozoans of medical importance

Sarcodina (amebas)
Sporozoa
Mastigophora (flagellates)
Ciliata (ciliates)

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[Protozoa]

Protozoans that infect the intestinal tract

E. hystolitica
G. lamblia
C. parvum

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[Protozoa]

Preferentially infect the urogenital tract

T. vaginalis

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[Protozoa]

Infects blood and tissue

Plasmodium spp
T. gondii
Trypanosoma

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[Protozoa]

pseudopod-forming, non-flaggelated protozoa; eukaryote that lacks membrane bound organelle

E. hystolitica

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[Protozoa]

In E. hystolitica, egg type is seen in the diarrheal stools?

trohozoite

contain ingested RBC

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[Protozoa]

In E. hystolitica, this egg is found in non-diarrheal stool

Cyst

has 4 nuclei (entamoeba coli has 8)

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[Protozoa]

in E. Hystolitica, excystation happens in what part of the body?

small intestine

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[Protozoa] what are the virulence factors of E. hystolitica

1. Lectin - mediates adherence 2. Amebapores for penetration 3. Cysteine protease for cytopathic effect

[Protozoa] Cause dysentery without fever; flask-shaped colon ulcers

E. hystolitica

[Protozoa] E. hystolitica can cause mass like lesion called ameboma which is commonly seen in which part of the intestine?

1. Cecal or rectosigmoid area

[Protozoa] What is the most common extraintestinal form of E. hystolitica infection?

Ameboc liver abscess Anchovy sauce-like aspirate

[Protozoa] The most common location of Amebic liver abscess

1. superior-anterior aspect

[Protozoa] falling leaf motility, covered with variant surface proteins

G. lamblia

[Protozoa] G lamblia preferentially reside in which part of the intestine?

duodenum jejunum upper ileum

[Protozoa] G. lambia cyst is found in

both diarrheal and formed stool

[Protozoa] string test is used to detect

G. lamblia

[Protozoa] old man with eye glasses in Kohn stain

G. duodenalis

[Protozoa] What facilitates G. lamblia's attachment to avoid peristalsis?

1. adhesive disc | 2. letin

[Protozoa] trophozoite of G. lamblia causes inflammation of which part of the GIT?

duodenum this steatorrhea

[Protozoa] intestinal protozoa that undergoes schizogonu and gametogony; autoinfection in ICC

C. parvum

[Protozoa] What is the infective stage of C. parvum?

thick-walled oocyts

[Protozoa: diagnose] preferentially infects jejunum, self-limited non-bloody diarrhea, after oocyst excystation

C. parvum

[Protozoa] what is the DOC for immunocompetent individuals with C. parvum?

Nitazoxanide

[Protozoa] What is the DOC for immunocompromised patients with C. parvum?

HAART

[Protozoa] pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites Exist only as trophozoites

T. vaginalis

[Protozoa] female watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge itching, burning, strawberry cervic

Trichomoniasis

What is the DOC for T. vaginalis?

Metronidazle 2g SD

[Protozoa] Most important parasitic disease in man

plasmodium

[Protozoa] in malaria, the asexual stage of plasmodium are ____

Schizogony and gametogony

[Protozoa] In malaria, the sexual life cycle involves

sporogony

[Protozoa] What is the vector of malaria?

Anopheles flavirostris minimus

[Protozoa] what is the infective stage of plasmodium?

sporozoites

[Protozoa] The specific trophozoite as diagnostic of plasmodium

ring forms

Plasmodium species with dormant stage

P. vivax | P. ovale

[Malaria] ___ infect RBC

merozoits

[Malaria] ookinetes (elongated plasmodium zygotes) preferentially invade which part of the mosquito

midgut wall

[Plasmodium species] banana shaped

P. falciparum = maurer dots = coarse granulation Parum = maruer = coarse

[Plasmodium species] large round, Schuffner dots

P. vivax = Schuffner = punctate granulations

[Plasmodium species] compact, Zieman dots

P. malariae = fine dots = Ziemann Fine Zieman

[Plasmodium species] malignant tertian

P. falciparum

[Plasmodium species] benign tertian

P. vivax

[Plasmodium species] Benign quartan

P. malariae

[Plasmodium species] benign tertian

P. ovale

[Plasmodium species] Can have cerebral malaria

p. falciparum

[Plasmodium species] recrudescence

P. falciparum | P. malariae

[Plasmodium species] relapse

P. ovale | P. vivax

[Malaria] can be diagnosed by thick and thin smears with __ stain

Giemsa

[Malaria] granulomas found in cerebral malaria

Durck granulomas

[Malaria] blackwater fever presents as ___

acute renal failure

[Malaria] malaria that presents as septic shock

algid malaria

[Malaria] Tissue schizontocides

Primaquine

[Malaria] blood schizonticide

Chlorquine, Quinine

[Malaria] gametocide

primacuine

[Malaria] sporonticide

1. proguanil | 2. Pyrimethamine

[Protozoan] definitive host is domestic cat

T. gondii

What test is used to diagnose acute and congenital infection of T. gondii

IgM antibody

Microscopic examination of T. gondii using giemsa stained preparation shows ___

Crescent-shaped trophozoites

What is the infective stage of T. gondii?

fecal oocyts Diagnostic stage = bradyzoites

What limits the rapidly multiplying tachyzoites of T. gondii?

CMI

What is the most important tissue diagnosis to detect slowly multiplying bradyzoites?

tissue diagnosis

What is the CT scan finding of brain encephalitis in ICC

ring enhancing lesions

What are the features of congenital toxoplasmosis?

1. Abortion 2. Stillbirth 3. hydrocephalus 4. encephalitis 5. Chorioretinitis 6. hepatosplenomegaly 7. intracranial calcifications

What is the DOC for T. gondii

Sulfadiazing plus pyrimethamine

What is the DOC for T. gondii for patients allergic for sulfadiazine

Clindamycin

[Protozoan] What is the vector of trypanosma?

Reduviid bug (Triatoma) bite

[Protozoan] what is the infective stage of T. cruzii

Reduviid bug

[Protozoan] what is the diagnostic stage of T. cruzii

Trypomastigotes

[Protozoan] what is the most frequently effective tissue in T. cruzii

cardiac muscle

[Diagnosis] unilateral palpebral swelling, nodule near bite, fever, LAD, hepatosplemegaly

Acute chagas

___ sign unilateral palpebral swelling in Acute Chagas disease

Romana sigh

___ nodular near bine in acute chagas disease

chagoma

What is the most leading cause of CHF in latin america?

Chronic Chagas Disease

What is the DOC of Chagas disease

Nifurtimox

What is the cause of sleeping sickness?

T. brucei gambiense | T. brucei rhodesinse

What is the cause of american chagas disease?

T. cruzi

What is the vector of of T. bruceii

Tsetse fly (glossina)

[Sleeping sickness] Winterbottom sign

posterior cervical LN

[Sleeping sickness] ___ sign deep hyperesthesia

Kerandel sign

[Sleeping sickness] plasma cells with cytoplasmic Ig

Morula cells mott

What transmit T. brucei gambiense

Glossina palpalis

What transmits east african sleeping sickness?

Glossina morsitans

[Protozoa] skin or eyes during trauma, immunocompromised, keratitis

Acanthomoeba castellanii DOC: Pentamidine, ketoconazole, flucytosine

[Protozoa] swimming in comtaminated pool, can cause primary amenid meningoencephalitis can penetrate the nasal mucosa and cribiform

Naegleria fowleri DOC: pentamidine

[Protozoa] only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease

balantidium coli

[Protozoa] what is the main reservoir of balantidium coli?

pigs

[Protozoa] large ciliated trophozoites or large cyst, characteristic V-shaped nucleus; round-based, wide-necked intestinal ulcers

Balantidum coli DOC: tetracycline, metronidazole

[Protozoa] What transmits Babesia microti

Ixodes tick

[Protozoa] Intraerythrocytic ring-ring shaped trophozoites, maltese cross

Babesia microti DOC: Atovaquone + Azithromycin; Quinidine + clindamycin

[Protozoa] what transmits sandfly

Phlebotumus (sandfly)

[Protozoa] what is the DOC for Leishmania?

1. Sodium stibogluconate (pentavalent antimonial)

What is the 2nd line agent for Leishmania spp

Ampho B pentamidine

What causes cutaneous leshmania?

1. L. tropica | 2. L. mexicana

What is the cause of Leishmaniasis mucocutaneous?

L. braziliensis

What causes visceral leishmania?

L. donovani

Can be a cause of of diarrhea in immunocompromised patients?

1. Cyclospora cayetanensis | 2. Isospora belli

What is the most common cause of red tide in algal bloom?

Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum

[Shellfish Toxin] facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure

Saxitoxon

[Shellfish Toxin] Facial paresthesia, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea

Brevetoxin

[Shellfish Toxin] Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

okaidaic acid

[Shellfish Toxin] diarrhea, short-term memory loss, seizures

Domoic acid