GI accessory organs

Question 1

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 1

Widespread destruction of hepatic cells, replacing these cells with fibrous cells.

Question 2

What are the causes of cirrhosis?

Answer 2

Alcohol misuse, viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hemochromatosis.

Question 3

What are the stages of liver disease?

Answer 3

Steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis.

Question 4

Which hepatitis is not chronic?

Answer 4

Hepatitis A.

Question 5

Which hepatitis is more common in children?

Answer 5

Hepatitis A.

Question 6

Which hepatitis types have vaccines available?

Answer 6

Hepatitis A, B, & D.

Question 7

Which hepatitis types are spread through fecal-oral transmission?

Answer 7

Hepatitis A, D, E.

Question 8

Which hepatitis types are spread through IV use, sexual activity, or placental transmission?

Answer 8

Hepatitis A, B, C, D.

Question 9

Which hepatitis types resolve on their own?

Answer 9

Hepatitis A, E.

Question 10

What causes portal hypertension?

Answer 10

Cirrhosis, viral hepatitis that causes liver inflammation.

Question 11

What does portal hypertension cause?

Answer 11

Varices and splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia (too little platelets because the spleen is holding them all), ascities, encephalopathy

Question 12

What is splenomegaly?

Answer 12

Enlarged spleen.

Question 13

What are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?

Answer 13

Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, hepatorenal syndrome.

Question 14

What is ascites?

Answer 14

Fluid buildup trapped in the peritoneal space.

Question 15

What is jaundice?

Answer 15

Hyperbilirubinemia from not clearing metabolic waste, causing itchy, yellow eyes and skin.

Question 16

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 16

Toxins build up in the brain because the liver can’t filter them out, causing confusion.

Question 17

What is cholecystitis?

Answer 17

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Question 18

What are the signs and symptoms of cholecystitis?

Answer 18

Distended, inflamed, decreased blood flow, rebound tenderness.

Question 19

Who is at risk for cholecystitis?

Answer 19

Obesity, middle age, female gender, use of oral contraceptives, rapid weight loss, First Nation ancestry, genetics, gallbladder, pancreatic, or ileal disease.

Question 20

What is pancreatitis?

Answer 20

Inflammation of the pancreas caused by obstruction of the pancreatic duct, leading to autodigestion of the pancreas.

Question 21

What are the causes of pancreatitis?

Answer 21

Alcohol, medications, viral infections.

Question 22

What is the difference between acute and chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 22

Acute is reversible; chronic causes irreversible damage due to repeated inflammation.

Question 23

What are the risk factors for cancer of the esophagus?

Answer 23

Malnutrition, alcohol, tobacco.

Question 24

What are the risk factors for cancer of the stomach?

Answer 24

Salty foods, red meat, nitrates.

Question 25

What are the risk factors for cancer of the colon/rectum?

Answer 25

Polyps, IBD, high fat and refined carbs, low fiber, diverticulitis.

Question 26

What are the risk factors for cancer of the liver?

Answer 26

Hepatitis B, C, D, cirrhosis.

Question 27

What are the risk factors for cancer of the pancreas?

Answer 27

Chronic pancreatitis, smoking, alcohol.

Question 28

What is a cleft lip?

Answer 28

Fetal development abnormality where the upper lip doesn't fuse fully.

Question 29

What is a cleft palate?

Answer 29

Fetal development abnormality where the palate doesn't fully close.

Question 30

What are the causes of cleft lip/palate?

Answer 30

Maternal alcohol and tobacco use, maternal diabetes, and maternal folate deficiency.

Question 31

What is pyloric stenosis?

Answer 31

Pyloric sphincter is too tight, causing projectile vomiting and hunger as nothing enters the intestine.

Question 32

What is Hirschsprung's disease?

Answer 32

Born without nerves around certain parts of the colon, causing decreased peristalsis and megacolon.

Question 33

What is intussusception?

Answer 33

Telescoping of proximal segment of intestine into a distal segment, causing obstruction.

Question 34

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 34

Autosomal recessive condition that attacks the lungs by hypersecreting mucus, leading to nutrient absorption issues.

Question 35

What is failure to thrive?

Answer 35

Not exactly sure of the reason why, but it involves delayed development.

Question 36

What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?

Answer 36

Abdominal pain starting around the belly button and moving to RLQ, nausea, vomiting, fever, tenderness.