Guidance and feedback

Question 1

What is guidance?

Answer 1

Aid or support given to a performer in the learning of a skill before or during performance

Question 2

What are the 4 types of guidances?

Answer 2

• Visual
• Verbal
• Manual
• Mechanical

Question 3

What are the factirs that affect which guidance type is used?

Answer 3

• The personality of the performer
• The skill/ ability of the performer
• The situation in which learning is taking place
• The nature of the skill being taught/ developed

Question 4

What is visual guidance?

Answer 4

Most common type of guidance when teaching
Demonstrations must be accurate, otherwise the learner will perform the skill incorrectly

Question 5

What are some examples of visual guidance?

Answer 5

• Demonstrations
• Videos
• Charts

Question 6

What are some key points of visual guidance?

Answer 6

• Demonstrations must be accurate, otherwise the learner will perform the skill incorrectly
• To avoid overload, you must just look at one aspect of the skill and focus on a ‘cue’

Question 7

What are some advantages of visual guidance?

Answer 7

• Performer can create a mental picture after watching a demonstration
• The skill can be broken down during a demonstration
• Encourages observational learning by using cues

Question 8

What are some disadvantages of visual guidance?

Answer 8

• The demonstration could be incorrect
• The coach may not be able to show an accurate demonstration
• The visual representation may be unclear or too quick for the learner to follow

Question 9

What is verbal guidance?

Answer 9

• Used to describe an action and explain how to perform an activity
• Motor skills can be difficult to describe without an action, so verbal and visual guidance are often used together

Question 10

What are some advantages of verbal guidance?

Answer 10

• Effective when adding or trying to implement strategies/ tactics
• It can be used to hold the attention of the learners
• Can be in the fomr of feedback, which promotes reinforcement of correct skills and the avoidance of incorrect skills

Question 11

What are some disadvantages of verbal guidance?

Answer 11

• Can lead to ‘information overload’ with the performer being distracted or confused
• If the guidance is wrong, the skill will also be learned incorrectly

Question 12

What do we have to consider when using verbal guidance?

Answer 12

• Speaking for too long, may lose their attention
• Is visual guidance necessary as well?
• Direct verbal guidance is better in the early stages (cognitive stage) to ensure that the learner has a clear idea of what needs to be done
• Questioning techniques can enhance performance once the basics are learned (associative stage)

Question 13

What is manual guidance?

Answer 13

Physical support fir the performer by another person

Question 14

What is mechanical guidance

Answer 14

Physical support fir the performer by device

Question 15

What are some advantages of manual and mechanical guidance?

Answer 15

• Gives the learner a greater sense of safety
• Can be used to isolate an important aspect of the skill to practice as a sub-routine. E.g. just practice arms or legs in swimming

Question 16

What are some disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance?

Answer 16

• Learner can become over reliant of the guidance is used for too long
• Can be over-restrictive and the learner can feel out of control of the movement
• The performer does not get a true sense of the skill

Question 17

What should we consider when using manual/ mechanical guidance?

Answer 17

• Make sure the learner isn’t give a too unrealistic feeling of the action or become over reliant on support
• Ensure the learner participates as fully as possible to avoid negative effects in learners motivation
• This can be used to reduce danger in learning. E.g. belt or coach supporting a somersault on the trampoline

Question 18

What is feedback?

Answer 18

Involves using the information during or after the performance of a skill to reflect and improve on current/ future performance

Question 19

What are 6 types of feedback?

Answer 19

• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
• Positive
• Negative
• Knowledge of results
• Knowledge of performance

Question 20

What is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 20

• Involes information available to the performer that is internal or arising from sensory information (E.g. proprioceptors, nerve receptors)
• “Did that feel right when I kicked that ball”

Question 21

What are some advantages of intrinsic feedback?

Answer 21

• Feedback occurs straight away, so can be corrected immediately
• Performer doesn’t hace to rely on other to provide feedback
• Leads to improved performance

Question 22

What are some disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?

Answer 22

• If in the cognitive stage, the performer may not understand the feedback
• Performer may not know how the skill should feel, so the feedback will be incorrect

Question 23

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 23

Feedback from external sources. E.g. a coach or teacher

Question 24

What are some advantages of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 24

• Coach can give advice to help improve performance/ motivation
• Info should be accurate as it will be coming from a qualified coach

Question 26

What are some disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 26

* Inaccurate feedback can lead to negative transfer of skill * If overused, or not constructive, the performer may depend on it and ignore their intrinsic feedback * Does not encourage the performer to learn for themselves and relies upon others

Question 27

What is positive feedback?

Answer 27

Feedback that rewards the performer via praise or positive comments

Question 28

What are some advantages of positive feedback?

Answer 28

* Leads to positive reinforcement and builds strong S-R bonds * Can be extremely motivating, especially for novices * Can build self-esteem and confidence in performer

Question 29

What are some disadvantages of positive feedback?

Answer 29

* If undeserved, the performer may build an S-R bond when they shouldn't have * Some performers do not respond well to too much feedback and begin to ignore any feedback

Question 30

What is negative feedback?

Answer 30

Information about an unsuccessful outcome, often criticism, that can be used to build more successful strategies

Question 31

What are some advantages of negative feedback?

Answer 31

* Can motivate a performer to succeed * The performer will be clear about what they need to improve * Most useful for autonomous learners who require further refinement of skills and have more experience

Question 32

What are some disadvantages of negative feedback?

Answer 32

* Can be demotivating to the performer, especially if used regularly or they are a novice * This could be detrimental to the learning process if the feedback is inaccurate

Question 33

What is knowledge of results?

Answer 33

* External feedback about the end result of a movement that the performance has carried out * This type of feedback is essential to enable more learning to take place and improve the overall progress of the performer towards a more successfull performance * Can be demotivating if the performer focuses just on the result

Question 34

What are some examples of knowledge of results?

Answer 34

* A cricketer seeing their shot has gone to the boundary * Watching where the ball goes from your free-kick

Question 35

What is knowledge of performance?

Answer 35

* Feedback related to the way in which a specific skill is performed and not the outcome. * It gives feedback on the quality of execution of the skill and may come from either intrinsic or extrinsic sources * Usually external, but can be internal if the performer is highly skilled (autonomous) and knows what a good performance feels like

Question 36

What is an example of knowledge of performance?

Answer 36

A coach giving feedback on arm movement during a sprint performance