memory model

Question 1

Why is memory important to a sports performer?

Answer 1

• To help learn new skills
• To help develop upon already learned skills
• To remember tactics previously used
• Thinking back to similar situation

Question 2

What is encoding in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 2

• The conversion of information into codes
• Visual - what we see
• Auditory - what we hear
• Semantic - turning information into meaning

Question 3

What is storage in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 3

The retention of information over a period of time

Question 4

What is retrieval in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 4

Recovering stoored information from our memory

Question 5

What is Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 5

A 3 stage process
We store information in 3 different ‘memory locations’

Question 6

What are the three stages in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 6

• Short-term sensory store
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory

Question 7

Explain short-term sensory store (STSS) in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 7

• Information (stimuli) enters the brain
• Has a large storage capacity
• Information stored for 0.25-1 second before it is filtered
• Selective attention is used to filter through important information which goes through to STM
• Irrelevant information in simmediately lost/ forgotten

Question 8

Explain short-term memory (STM) in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model

Answer 8

• Known as the working memory. Decision making takes place here
• Only limited amounts of information can be stored (approx. 7 pieces) for only 30 seconds.
• Only information sent through the STSS reaches the STM
• To extend length of STM you must repeat information. R.g. verbal/ physical repetition and chunking
• If it is important enough and is rehearsed, it will transfer to the long-term memory and be ‘encoded’ or stored

Question 9

Explain long-term sensory store (LTM) in Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model

Answer 9

• Limitless capacity to store encoded info.
• Motor programmes are stored here because they have been rehearsed many times.
• Continued rehearsal can lead to responses becoming automatic.
• Recall of information passes from long-term memory back to short-term memory when information is being used.

Question 10

What is chunking?

Answer 10

Different pieces of information can be grouped together and remembered as one piece

Question 11

What is Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of processing model?

Answer 11

• Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model examines how memory works and considers what we do with information and how we process it.
• it opposes the view that there are set memory stores.
• The deeper the information is processed, the more likely we are to remember it. This model was originally developed looking at how students memorise information for exams.
• If we want information to be processed deeply and therefore remembered, it must:
  1. be considered
  1. be understood
  1. have meaning/related to past memories.
• This creates a longer memory trace.

Question 12

What are the 3 level in processing model?

Answer 12

1. Structural
2. Phonetic
3. Semantic

Question 13

What is semantic level in levels of processing model?

Answer 13

This considers the actual meaning of the information and is the deepest form of processing

Question 14

What is phonetic level in levels of processing model?

Answer 14

This level is processing the way the words sound and is a deeper level of processing than structural

Question 15

What is structual level in levels of processing model?

Answer 15

This is paying attenetion to what the words look like and is a shallow level of processing

Question 16

What are some advantages of Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 16

• Simplifies memory: provides a clear, logical framework for understanding how info moves from sensory input to permanent storage
• Explains brain damage: supports the idea that brain damage can affect LTM (amnesia) while leaving STM intact, showing they are seperate systems

Question 17

What are some disadvantages of Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 17

• Too simplified: it treats STM and LTM as single, unitary stores, whereas the brain is far more complex
• Overemphasises rehearsal: some information is rememberes without rehearsal

Question 18

What are some advantages of Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model?

Answer 18

• Practical application in sport: it emphasises that understanding instructions, demonstrations, and tactics is more effective for skill retention than mere mindless repetition
• Explains deep learning: it better explains why we remember meaningful events or skills rather than just repeated information

Question 19

What are some disadvantages of Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model?

Answer 19

• “Depth” is vague: it is difficult to objectively measure what “deep” processing actually involves
• Time vs Quality: Spending more time processing information does not always guarantee better recall (you can think about a move deeply but still interpret it incorrectly)
• Lack of structure: unlike the MSM, it doesn’t clearly explain the seperate capacity and duration limits of short-term and long-term memory

Question 21

How can memory be improved?

Answer 21

• Rehearse a skill physically and mentally
• Meaningfulness - ensure the athlete knows how important the skill is
• Association - link new and old information together
• Avoiding overload - only take in a few pieces of info at a time
• Organise information - e.g. chunking of info
• Mental imagery - visualise the skill before completing it