Histology*

Question 1

Ovary:
Hilum?
Cortex?
Medulla?
superficial?

Answer 1

hilum - where the blood supply enters - helicon arteries enter from the broad ligament
cortex - contains follicles
medulla - high vascular, connective tissue, nerves, lymphatics
superficial fibrous cortex covered by epithelium

Question 2

list the layers of the ovary from the top to deep

Answer 2

simple cuboidal epithelium
dense connective tissue: tunica albuginea
connective tissue with stromal cells and muscle fibres
ovarian follicles present at various stages of development

Question 3

when do germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia

Answer 3

around week 6

Question 4

what happens to those germ cells

Answer 4

undergo development and division to via meiosis to form mature oocytes also known as ova

Question 5

what is oogenesis and what is fulliculogenesis

Answer 5

O - development of oocytes the female germ cells from oogonia
F - growth of follicles which consist of the oocyte and any associated support cells

Question 6

6 weeks - number and name of cells 
7 months 
birth 
puberty
menopause

Answer 6

1700 germ cells 
5 million oogonia
1 mill primary oocytes 
500000 all types of follicles 
few

Question 7

how does loss of oogonia and oocytes occur

Answer 7

apoptotic process call atresia - cell reabsorbed after death

Question 8

when does meiosis halt

when does it recontinue

Answer 8

prophase 1
if the oocyte undergoes further development then meiosis will restart otherwise it will remain in this state for several decades

Question 9

what kind of cell surrounds the primary oocyte

Answer 9

pregranulosa cells without which it would die

squamous cells but when the follicle grows they become cuboidal

Question 10

what are the 2 changes that happen to cells around the primary oocyte after development

Answer 10

stroll cells are associated with the outside and go on to become the theca
zona pellucid forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

Question 11

with further development which layer proliferates

Answer 11

granular layer

Question 12

what happens to the stroll cells

Answer 12

inner layers - theca interna - secrete oestrogen precursors

outer layer will remain fibroblast like and form theca external

Question 13

what releases oestrogen precursors and what happens to them then

Answer 13

theca interna

converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells

Question 14

describe the layers of the late primary follicle

what begins to happen in one of the layers

Answer 14

theca externa
theca interna
basal lamina
granulosa
zona pellucida

the granulosa cells begin to split

Question 15

what is the space within the follicle called

Answer 15

antrum
fills with follicular fluid
oocyte still remains surrounded by a granular cells

Question 16

when the oocyte detaches from the wall what are the granulosa cells surrounding it called

Answer 16

cumulus cells/corona radiata

Question 17

what are the largest follicles called and how wide can they be

Answer 17

graafian follicles

20mm in dm

Question 18

what happens in an oocyte in the largest graafian follicle one day before occupation

Answer 18

meiosis 1 but instead of 2 cells it will produce one cell called the secondary oocyte

Question 19

what happens to other polar body that is formed

Answer 19

carried away to degenerate

Question 20

what does the secondary oocyte trigger

where does that stop

Answer 20

second phase of meiosis

metaphase 2

Question 21

when is meiosis completed

Answer 21

after it has been released (ovulation) and fertilised by a sperm will it become a fully mature oocyte

Question 22

after ovulation what does the follicle transform into

Answer 22

corpus luteum

Question 23

what do the theca and granulosa cells then secrete

Answer 23

oestrogen and progesterone which help prepare the uterus for implantation

Question 24

if no implantation occurs what happens to the CL

Answer 24

becomes white coloured connective tissue called corpus albicans

Question 25

what happens if implantation occurs

Answer 25

placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the CL

Question 26

where of the funnel shaped infindibulum move

Answer 26

moves so its opening is adjacent to the site where the follicle ruptures

Question 27

how does the ovum move down the tube

Answer 27

propelled by gentle peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium

Question 28

what do secretory cells in the epithelium secrete

Answer 28

nutrients

Question 29

where does fertilisation usually occur

Answer 29

ampulla and the fertilised ovum is then transported tot he uterus for implantation

Question 30

fallopian tube labelled from the end to the middle

Answer 30

``` fimbria infundibulum ampulla isthmus interstitial part ```

Question 31

what does the ampulla look like

Answer 31

mucosa is folded and lined by simple columns epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells. surrounded by 2 layers smooth muscle

Question 32

what does the isthmus look like

Answer 32

epithelium mostly secretory with few ciliated cells | 3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 33

what is the uterine wall made up of inner secretory mucosa called what then middle outer layer

Answer 33

endometrium - shed during periods - made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in CT stroma coat of 3 layers of SM combined with collaged and elastin called the myometrium outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium - perimetrium

Question 34

what is the inner layer divided into

Answer 34

stratum functionalis - undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss stratum basal is - reserve tissue that regenerates SF (part of endometrium and myometrium)

Question 35

during the proliferative phase what happens

Answer 35

glands, stroma and vasculature grow - increases the thickness of the endometrium

Question 36

what happens during the secretory phase

Answer 36

glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

Question 37

what happens during the menstrual phase

Answer 37

arterioles in the functionalism undergo constriction - ischeamia - tissue breakdown and tissue sloughing

Question 38

what is the cervix

Answer 38

short cylinder with a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina

Question 39

what is the histology of the cervix

Answer 39

mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface by transitioning to mucous secreting epithelium simple columnar epithelium - transition zone - frequent place for cancer

Question 40

where are the mucous secreting epithelium of the canal

Answer 40

deep furrowed - forms endocervical glands which secrete thin stuff first to allow sperm through then thick stuff to prevent the passage of sperm and micro organisms after ovulation

Question 41

list the 4 layers of vagina

Answer 41

non keratinised stratified squamous eputhlium lamina propria fibromuscular layer adventitia

Question 42

are there glands in the walls of the vagina

Answer 42

no - lubricated y mucous form cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled vessels of the lamina propria

Question 43

how is the growth of pathogenic bacteria inhibited

Answer 43

commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibit the growth

Question 44

what is the external gentile outer layer called and what does it consist of

Answer 44

labia majora extension of mons pubis, similar structure and rich in apocrine swear glands and sebeceous glands and with small bundles of smooth muscle hair follicles on the outside

Question 45

labia minora lacks has more of

Answer 45

thin skin that lack subcut fat and hair follicles | rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands

Question 46

where is the transition in cells in the labia minora

Answer 46

hymen - goes from keratinised from opening of vagina to hymen then its non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 47

what does the clitoris contain

Answer 47

two tubes of erectile vascular tissue covered by fibrocollageneous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis