INTRO TO VIRO (MAAM T)

Question 1

found that the organism was small enough to pass through filter

Answer 1

Dimitri Iwanowski

Question 2

virus in latin word is

Answer 2

poison

Question 3

virus can reproduce only within _____

Answer 3

cells

Question 4

characteristics of viruses

Answer 4

• contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or DNa
• contain a protein coat (sometimes itself enclosed by an enveloped of lipids, proteins and carbohydrate) that surrounds the nucleic acid,
• multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell.
• cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells.

Question 5

viruses lack enzyme for protein synthesis and ATP generation. To multiply, viruses must take over the ______ of the host cell

Answer 5

metabolic machinery

Question 6

____ are too toxic for clinical use in virus

Answer 6

antiviral drugs

Question 7

viruses infecting bacteria

Answer 7

bacteriophage

Question 8

viral size

Answer 8

20 to 14,000 nm in length

Question 9

a complete, fully developed viral particle composed of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein cost that protects it from the environment and is a vehicle of transmission from 1 host to another.

Answer 9

virion

Question 10

are nucleoproteins. they are non-cellular structures with infectious genetic material that may contain RNA or DNa but never both.

Answer 10

viruses

Question 11

are capsid-encapsulated viruses with DNA or RNA molecules. it has nucleic acids well as protein layers.

Answer 11

virions

Question 12

the function of virions is to deliver the _______ into the ______ so that the genome can be expressed (transcribed and translated) by the host cells.

Answer 12

dna or rna genome ; host cell

Question 13

infectious RNA molecules

Answer 13

viroids

Question 14

• are infectious protein particles, nucleic acids are absent
• are not viruses. they don’t contain genes.

Answer 14

prions

Question 15

who names virus

Answer 15

Martinus Beijerinck

Question 16

virions are produced in the cytoplasm of complex viral factories, _______

Answer 16

the virus

Question 17

example of virions

Answer 17

Small Pox Virus, HIV, Coronavirus, Fluvirion

Question 18

the ineffective form of a virus outside a host cell membrane with a nucleic acid core and a capsid and majority of this are non-infectious.

Answer 18

Virions

Question 19

to create new virions, the proteins that will be incorporated into the virion are made through expression of viral genome and the virus genome is copied through the process of _____

Answer 19

replication

Question 20

free RNA molecules of low molecular weight without any protein coat

Answer 20

viroids

Question 21

viroids are (smaller or larger) than virus

Answer 21

smaller

Question 22

viroids infects only ______

Answer 22

plants

Question 23

basic structural components of a virus

Answer 23

1. Genome or Nucleic Acid
2. Capsid - protective protein coat
3. Envelope - some viruses contain an envelop surrounding the nucleocapsid
4. Enzyme - play a central role in the infection process.

Question 24

prion diseases can affect both ____ and _____ ; sometimes spread by ________ products

Answer 24

humans and animals ; infected meat products

Question 25

6 steps of virus life cycle

Answer 25

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Gene Expression and Replication 5. Assembly 6. Release

Question 26

the nucleic acid of the virus is surrounded by a protein coat called _____

Answer 26

Capsid

Question 27

each capsid is composed of protein subunits called _____

Answer 27

Capsomere

Question 28

In some viruses = single type of protein comprise the ______ and in other viruses, several types of protein may be present

Answer 28

capsomere

Question 29

In some viruses, the capsid is covered by an _____ usually consisting a combination of ____, _____, & _____

Answer 29

envelope ; lipids, protein, and carbohydrate

Question 30

depending on the virus, envelopes may or may not be covered by _____

Answer 30

spikes

Question 31

carbohydrate-protein complex that project from the surface of the envelopes

Answer 31

spikes

Question 32

used by some viruses to attach to host cells

Answer 32

spikes

Question 33

has the ability to clump rbc

Answer 33

influenza virus

Question 34

the resulting clumping of influenza virus is called ______

Answer 34

hemagglutination

Question 35

in non-enveloped viruses, capsids are not covered by _____

Answer 35

envelope

Question 36

in non-enveloped viruses, the capsid protects the nucleic acid from ______ in biological fluids and promotes the virus attachment to susceptible host cells

Answer 36

nuclease enzymes

Question 37

Gen. Morphology of Virus

Answer 37

1. Helical Viruses 2. Polyhedral Viruses 3. Enveloped Viruses 4. Complex Viruses

Question 38

virus classification is based on _______ which has been revealed by ________ and a technique called ________

Answer 38

thin capsid structure ; electron microscopy ; x-ray crystallography

Question 39

resemble long rods which may be rigid or flexible

Answer 39

Helical Viruses

Question 40

in helical viruses, the nucleic acid is found within a ____, ______ of a helical structure.

Answer 40

hollow, cylindrical capsid

Question 41

example of helical virus

Answer 41

Rabies virus

Question 42

many-sided virus

Answer 42

Polyhedral virus

Question 43

many animal, plant and bacterial viruses are _____

Answer 43

polyhedral

Question 44

in polyhedral viruses, the capsid is shaped as an ______, a regular polyhedron with __ triangular faces and __ corners

Answer 44

icosahedron ; 20 triangular faces and 12 corners

Question 45

example of polyhedral viruses

Answer 45

Adenovirus, Poliovirus

Question 46

a spherical (virus morphology)

Answer 46

Enveloped viruses

Question 47

2 types of enveloped viruses

Answer 47

Enveloped helical - ex. Influenza Virus Enveloped polyhedral - ex. Herpes Simplex Virus

Question 48

particularly bacterial viruses have complicated structure. Ex: _____ - capsids with additional structures attached.

Answer 48

complex viruses ; bacteriophage

Question 49

in complex viruses, the head is _____ and tail sheath is _____

Answer 49

polyhedral ; helical

Question 50

example of complex viruses

Answer 50

pox virus

Question 51

transmissible, untreatable, and fatal brain diseases of maamals.

Answer 51

prion diseases

Question 52

the host's normal ______ can, for unknown reasons, malfunction, and assemble into structural aggregates called _____ that causes infectious brain disease.

Answer 52

prion protein ; prions

Question 53

prions mode of transmission

Answer 53

direct contact or indirectly through contaminated soil, found on water.

Question 54

are non-living things because they don't contain cells and do not have an energy metabolism system, no cell organelles and they are unable to carry out any type of metabolic activity.

Answer 54

Prions and viruses

Question 55

prions and viruses reproduction

Answer 55

by recruiting the normal cellular isoform of the prion protein and stimulating its conversion into the disease-causing isoform.

Question 56

viruses and prions can survive being ____, being treated with ____ and can still infect other brains years after they were transferred to a scalpel or other tool.

Answer 56

boiled ; disinfectants

Question 57

the only human disease caused by a viroid

Answer 57

Hepatitis D