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TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards

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1
Q

substance being produced by the cell

A

Tumor Markers

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2
Q

when an organ is undergoing cancerous growth it is a __________

A

Tumor Markers

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3
Q

uncontrolled proliferation of cells.

A

Tumor or Neoplasm

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4
Q

a tumor that is confined or encapsulated (will not proliferate)

A

Benign

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5
Q

example of Benign

A

adenoma (with the exception of melanoma)

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6
Q

a tumor that is capable of metastasis (invades other organs of the body)

A

Malignant

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7
Q

malignant tumor examples

A

Carcinoma and Sarcoma

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8
Q

a malignant tumor that is epithelial in origin or nature

A

Carcinoma (e.g adenocarcinoma)

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9
Q

a malignant tumor that is mesenchymal in origin or nature

A

Sarcoma (e.g Osteosarcoma)

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10
Q

Roles of tumor markers

A
  • Determine risk (PSA) – elevated level of PSA is screening clue that the patient is at risk of having cancer of the prostate.
  • Screen for early cancer (calcitonin, occult blood)
  • Diagnose a type of cancer (hCG, catecholamines)
  • Estimate prognosis (CA125)
  • Predict response to therapy (CA15-3. CA125, PSA. hCG)
  • Monitor for disease recurrence or progression (most widely used function)
  • Therapeutic selection (her2/neu, kras)
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11
Q

characteristics of an ideal tumor marker

A
  • Specificity for a single type of cancer.
  • High sensitivity and specificity for cancerous growth.
  • Correlation of marker level with tumor size.
  • Homogenous (i.e. minimal post-translational modifications)
  • Short half-life in circulation so that when production drops, the level of marker falls off rapidly, producing low or undetectable concentration.
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12
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: hormones

A

hCG ; calcitonin ; gastrin ; prolactin

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13
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: enzymes

A

acid phosphatase ; alkaline phosphatase ; PSA

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14
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: cancer antigen proteins and glycoproteins

A

CA125 ; CA 15.3; CA 19.9

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15
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: metabolites

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

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16
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: normal proteins

A

Immunoglobulin, Glycoproteins, Carcinoembryonic or Oncofetal

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17
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: oncofetal antigens

A

CEA, AFP

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18
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: receptors

A

Estrogen, Progesterone, Androgen and Corticosteroid

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19
Q

TYPE OF TUMOR MARKER: genetic changes

A

Mutations, Translations

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20
Q

WHAT CANCER..

Markers: CA15.3, BR 27.29

A

Breast Cancer

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21
Q

WHAT CANCER..

Markers: CEA, CA 19-9

A

Colorectal Cancer

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22
Q

WHAT CANCER..

Markers: CA 72.4, CA 19-9, CEA

A

Gastric

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23
Q

WHAT CANCER..

Markers: NSE, CYFA 21.1

24
Q

WHAT CANCER..

Markers: PSA, PAP

25
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: CA 125
Ovarian
26
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: Calcitonin, Thyroglobulin
Thyroid
27
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: hCG
Trophoblastic
28
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: CA 19-9, CEA
Pancreatic
29
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: AFP, CA 19-1
Hepatocellular
30
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: BAP, Osteocalcin, NTx
Bone
31
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: Catecholamines, metabolites
Pheochromocytoma
32
WHAT CANCER.. Markers: Fecal occult blood
Colon Cancer
33
oncogenes.. N-ras and K-ras
Leukemia ; Colon/Gastric
34
oncogenes.. C-erB-2 and N-myc
Breast/Gastric and Breast/Neuro
35
oncogenes.. c-abl/bcr and Bcl-2
CML ; Leukemia/Lymph
36
oncogenes.. HER-2/INT2/ATM/H-ras and MCC
Breast ; Colon
37
tumor suppressors.. P53 and RB1
Breast/Colon/Lung ; Retinoblastoma
38
tumor suppressors.. WT1&2 and BRCA1&2
Renal ; Breast/Pancreatic/Ovarian
39
tumor suppressors.. BRCA1 and APC
Prostate/Stomach ; Colorectal
40
tumor suppressors.. MTSI and DCC
Melanoma ; Colon/Gastric
41
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. Her2.neu or Her2/neu
D: Trastuzumab C: Breast Cancer
42
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. KRAS
D: Cetuximab, Panitumumab C: Colorectal
43
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. BRAF
D: Vemurafenib C: Melanoma
44
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. ALK Fusion
D: Crizotinib C: Non-small cell lung ca.
45
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. EGFR
D: Gefitinib, Erlotinib C: Non-small cell lung ca.
46
what drug and cancer for this biomarker cancer.. BCL-ABL Translocation
D: Imatinib, dasatinib, Nilotinib C: Chronic myeloid, Leukemia
47
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS.. Prostate Cancer
PSA, PSMA
48
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. Breast Cancer
Cytokeratin 19, CEA, MUC1, hMAM
49
RT PCR FOR CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. Melanoma
Tyrosinase, MART1, MAGE3, GAGE
50
o Grow as benign tumor cells break through the basement membrane. o Travel through the blood. o Adhere to capillary wall. o Escape from blood vessel (extravasation). o Proliferate to form metastases.
Metastatic Cascade cells
51
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: BRCA1, BRCA2 Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Breast and Ovarian Cancer
52
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: WTI Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Wilm's Tumor
53
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: RB1 Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Familiar Retinoblastoma
54
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: Huntingtin Inheritance Mode: Dominant
Huntington's Disease
55
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: MLH1, MSH2,6, PMS1,2 Inheritance Mode: Recessive
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer
56
WHAT CANCER.. Associated Gene: Xeroderma pigmentosum XPB, XPD, XPA Inheritance Mode: Recessive
Skin Cancer

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