INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards
1
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An extremely diverse group of organisms.
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FUNGI
2
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Generally classified as molds or yeasts
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FUNGI
3
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Recognized as classic pathogens and environmental saprobes living on nonliving material.
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FUNGI
4
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Cause mild infections, trigger allergic reactions ( including asthma), and produces serious life-threatening disease.
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FUNGI
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common cause of UTI, and commonly found in dead living materials (e.g.fallen tree)
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YEASTS
6
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General Characteristics of Fungi
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Eukaryotic which includes yeast, moulds and mushrooms
Lack chlorophyll – main difference with plants that conducts photosynthesis ; can’t perform photosynthesis ; some are parasitic
Obligate aerobes; Neutral pH ; no embryonic stage ; development from spores
Require moisture (growth) ; store food in the form of starch
Exception: Apores and Conidia
7
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fungi is eukaryotic which includes ____, _____, _____
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yeast, moulds and mushrooms
8
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fungi lack chlorophyll which is main difference with plants that conducts ______ ; cannot perform _______ ; some are ______
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photosynthesis ; photosynthesis ; parasitic
9
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fungi have cell wall that contains _____ and _____
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chitin and polysaccharides
10
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fungi have nuclei that is ______
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very small
11
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fungi are ____ aerobes ; _____ pH ; no _____ stage ; develop from _____
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Obligate aerobes; Neutral pH ; no embryonic stage ; development from spores
12
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fungi requires _____ for growth
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moisture
13
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fungi store food in the form of _____
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starch
14
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fungi require moistures with the exception of
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apores and conidia (able to survive in dry condition)
15
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basic element of filamentous fungi with a branched tubular structure, 2-10 um in width.
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hypha
16
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the web or mat-like structure of hyphae
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mycelium
17
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entirety of the mycelia and is also called the fungal body or colony.
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fungal thallus
18
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basic element of the unicellular fungi. Round to oval and 3-10um in diameter.
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yeast
19
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fungal species that can develop either the yeast or the mycelium form depending on the environment conditions.
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dimorphism
20
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single vegetative cells
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yeasts
21
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Smooth, creamy, bacterial-like colony without aerial hyphae
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yeasts
22
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Similar macroscopic and microscopic morphologies
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yeasts
23
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Identification of yeast is based on _______
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biochemical testing
24
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yeasts reproduce by ____ or ____
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budding or fission
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a process where the parent cell enlarges and a septum (wall forms to separate the conidial cell)
Budding
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budding involve maturation of the bud to an independent ____________ (daughter cell)
blastoconidium
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fuzzy or wooly appearance because of mycelia.
Molds
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made up of hyphae
Mycelia
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many long strands of tube-like structure that forms the molds.
Hyphae
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hyphae = _____ strand and mycelia = ______ strands
hyphae = single strand
mycelia = many strands
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2 types of Mycelia
1. Aerial Mycelia
2. Vegetative Mycelia
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extend above the surface of the colony
Aerial Mycelia
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Responsible for the fuzzy appearance
Aerial Mycelia
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Support the reproductive structures that produce conidia
Aerial Mycelia
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Extend downward into the medium to absorb nutrients.
Vegetative Mycelia
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mycelia microscopic appearance
1. antler hyphae
2. racquet hyphae
3. spiral hyphae
4. rhizoids
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Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance
= swollen, branching tips
Antler Hyphae
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Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance
= enlarged, club-shaped areas
Racquet Hyphae
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Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance
= tightly coiled
Spiral Hyphae
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Mycelia:Microscopic Appearance
= rootlike structures; presence and placement can assist with identification
Rhizoids
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show frequent cross-walls occurring perpendicularly to the outer walls of the hyphae.
Septate hyphae
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have few cross-walls at irregular intervals
Sparsely septate hyphae
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absence of septate.
Aseptate (coenocytic)
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- Nonpigmented or lightly pigmented
- Number one that causes pigmentation
Hyaline (moniliaceous) hyphae
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- Darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall
- Appear dark brown or almost black (due to melanin)
Phaeoid (dematiaceous) hyphae
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stains to determine hyphal pigmentation
Gomori Methylene Stain
Fontana-Masson Stain
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All fungal elements appear black.
Gomori Methelyne Stain
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specifically stains melanin
fontana-masson stain
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hyphae stains in fontana-masson stain
Hyaline Hyphae: Pink to Red
Phaeoid Hyphae: Brown
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- ability of some fungi to exist in two forms (mold or yeast)
- dependent on growth conditions
Dimorphism
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Dimorphic Fungi (phases)
1. Mold Phase
2. Yeast Phase (pherule phase or tissue state)
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dimorphic fungi where the organism is grown in (22º to 25º C ) in ambient air conditions
Mold Phase
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dimorphic fungi seen in vivo; is grown 37ºC with increased CO2
Yeast Phase (pherule phase or tissue state)
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- have both yeast and mold forms in the same culture
- occurs despite growth conditions ( Exophiala spp.)
Polymorphism
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in reproduction, fungi can reproduce _____ or _____
asexually (imperfect) or sexually (perfectly)
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asexual reproduction (arrow process)
Formation of conidia; Conidia contain all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony
to
Followed by mitosis
to
Spores may be included in the conidia that will travel through air that will stick to moist areas, creating new fungi or mushroom.
57
_________ contain all the genetic material necessary to create a new fungal colony
conidia
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Specialized fruiting structures that carries out asexual reproduction and form conidia.
Conidiogenous cells
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types of Conidiogenous cells
1. Phialides
2. Annelides
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vaselike structures that produces phialoconidia
Phialides
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ringed structures that produce annelioconidia
Annellides
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singular form of Arthroconidia
arthroconidium
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- Another type of conidia, formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae ( opposed to being formed by conidiogenous cells).
- Does not bud
Arthroconidia
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sexual reproduction requires joining of the _______
two compatible nuclei
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sexual reproduction is followed by _____
meiosis
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sexual reproduction includes
Teleomorph, Anamorph and Synanamorphs
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a sexual reproduction where fungus that reproduces sexually, producing a fruiting body
Teleomorph
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the sexual reproduction that is the asexual form of teleomorph
Anamorph
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sexual reproduction: an anamorphic strains; producing multiple morphology of distinct anamorph.
Synanamorphs
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4 groups of Fungi
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota ( Fungi Imperfecti)
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Phylum: Glomeromycota
Order: Mucorales
includes...
1. Lichtheimia ( formerly Absidia)
2. Mucor
3. Rhizomucor
4. Rhizopus
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Are rapidly growing organisms, normally found in the soil.
Glomeromycota
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Glomeromycota are often _______ pathogens in ________ hosts.
opportunistic ; immunocompromised
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Glomeromycota are produce _____, ________, aerial mycelium
profuse, gray to white
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Glomeromycota is characterized by the presence of _______ and it is a __________ hyphae
hyaline ; sparsely septate
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Glomeromycota - Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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The asexual reproduction of glomeromycota is characterized by the presence of _______ and _______
sporangiophores ; sporangiospores
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produced in a structure known as sporangium and is an asexual spores
sporangiospores
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develops from supporting surface termed a sporangiophore
Sporangium
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ascomycota class is: ascomycetes and includes the species
1. Microsporum spp.
2. Tricophyton spp.
3. Scedosporium boydii
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ascomycota is identified based on the characteristic _________
asexual structures
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ascomycota reproduction includes
ascospores and ascus
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sexual spores of Ascomycota; found on ascus
Ascospores
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a saclike structure where Ascospores are formed
Ascus
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only known major pathogen of basidiomycota
Filobasidiella neoformans
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perfect form (telemorph) of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
Filobasidiella neoformans
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Basidiomycetous molds recovered in the laboratory remain _____, complicating the _________ process.
sterile ; identification
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Basidiomycota – Specific Characteristics
- Clamp connections
A portion of the hypha on one side of the septation grows out and connects to the hypha on the other side of the septation.
- One clue that a mold is a basidiomycete
- Occurs at the septations in vegetative hyphae
- Easily visible with light microscopy
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Deuteromycota also known as
Fungi Imperfecti
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Contains the largest number of organisms that are causative agents of mycoses
1. cutaneous
2. subcutaneous
3. systemic
Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti)
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In Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti), no mode of reproduction has been identified.
YES, NONE. HEHE
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In Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) is identified based on characteristic asexual reproductive structures; only ______
asexual
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classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition
Saprophytic
Parasitic
Symbiotic
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classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by feeding on dead organisms subsets such as rhizopus, penicillum, aspergillus
Saprophytic
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classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by living on other living organisms such as taphrina, puccinia
Parasitic
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classification of fungi based on mode of nutrition by having interdependent relationship with other species in which both are mutually benefited. such as lichens, mycorrhiza
Symbiotic
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classification of fungi based on spore formation
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
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classification of fungi based on spore formation that is formed by fusion of 2 different cells.
zygospores = sexual spores
sporangiospores = asexual spores
septate absent ex. mucor
Zygomycetes
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term for sexual spores in zygomycete
zygospores
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term for asexual spores in zygomycete
sporangiospores
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classification of fungi based on spore formation known as "sac fungi" where they can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic.
Ascomycetes
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term for sexual spores in ascomycetes
Ascospores
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In ascomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs by _____ (ex. saccharomyces)
conidiospores
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in basidiomycetes, _____ are the most common and are mostly _________
mushrooms ; parasitic
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in basidiomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs by ______ and asexual reproduction occurs by _____, _____ or ______
basidiospores ; conidia, budding or fragmentation
106
deuteromycetes is also known as _____, because they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi.
imperfect fungi
107
In deuteromycetes, theres is no _____ production and asexual reproduction occurs by ____ ex. trichoderma
no sexual reproduction ; conidia
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the basic morphological elements of fungi
Hypha
Mycelium
Yeast Form
Pseudomycelium
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non filamentous, unicellular fungi, typically spherical or oval.
Yeasts
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formed as a white powdery coating in fruits and leaves
yeast
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yeast that undergo fission, divide evenly into 2 new cells. ex. schizosaccharomyces
Fission Yeast
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yeast that undergo budding divides ________ ex. saccharomyces
budding yeast ; unevenly
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In budding, the parent cells forms a _____ (bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parents cell's nucleus _____ and one nucleus migrate into the _____.
protuberance ; divides ; bud
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1 yeast cell can product up to ___ daughter cells
24
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short chain of cells resulting from buds that fail to detach themselves.
Pseudohypha
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all fungi are _____ requires organic chemical substances for energy and carbon
chemoheterotrophs
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fungi are aerobic or ______
facultatively anaerobic
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described as vegetative structures because they are composed of the cells involved in catabolism and growth.
Fungal colonies
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consists of long filaments of cells joined together; these filaments are called _____
thallus (body) of a mold/fleshy fungus ; hyphae
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In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called ___ which divide them into distinct uninucleate cell-like units and these hyphae are called ______
septa ; septate hyphae
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are hyphae with no septa and appear as long, continous cells with many nuclei.
coenocytic hyphae
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grow by elongating at the tips
hyphae
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each part of _____ is capable of growth and when a fragment breaks off, it can elongate to form a new hypha. In the lab, fungi are grown from fragments obtained from a _____
hyphae ; fungal thallus
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portion of hyphae that obtains nutrient
vegetative hyphae
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hyphae that is for reproduction
reproductive or aerial hyphae
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filamentous mass visible to the naked eye
mycelium
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_____ along with bacteria found in soil are the primary decomposers of organic matter.
fungi
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fungi are multicellular organisms except
yeast
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4 types of fungi
Primitive Fungi
Sac Fungi
Bread Molds
Club Fungi
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aquatic, with flegellated spores. some are decomposers some are parasitic.
Primitive Fungi
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example of sac fungi that form a reproductive sac or ascus.
yeasts, some mold, truffles
132
found in spoiled food. they form zygospores during reproduction
bread molds
133
have fruiting bodies that one club-shaped which includes mushrooms, puffball, shelf fungi
club fungi
134
fungi are _________; they absorb _____ and not ingesting like animals
chemoheterotrophs ; nutrients
135
nutritional adaptation of fungi
- usually grow better in pH 5
- almost all molds are aerobic, yeasts are facultative anaerobe
- most grow in high sugar or salt solution
- can grow on subsets with very low moisture content
- require less nitrogen that bacteria
- capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates such as lignin (wood)
136
father of mycology, an italian botanist
pier antonio micheli
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disease caused by fungi
mycoses
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KOH prep ____, _____, _____ examined for both yeast and/or hyphae
skin, hair, nail
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all specimen types can be ______ and it can only reliably detect yeast by _____
gram stain
140
primarily used for CSF for detection of cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii
India Ink
141
takes place with the help of spores called conidia or zoospores (motile) or sporangiospores (flagellated)
asexual reproduction
142
aplanospores
non-motile
143
occurs by ascospores, basidiospores and oospores.
Sexual Reproduction
144
vegetative reproduction in fungi takes place by
budding, fission and fragmentation
