Lab 1: MSK systems and basic biomechanics Flashcards
1
Q
What is hip joint
A
Ball and socket joint
2
Q
Bring right foot forward, and return to start position
A
Plane = Sagittal
Axis = coronal
3
Q
Right leg out to side - away from midline then back again
A
Plane = coronal
Axis = Sagittal
4
Q
Rotate leg so toes point towards other foot - pigeon toed, and back out to side - duck footed
A
Plane = transverse
Axis = longitudinal
5
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Center
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
6
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
Limbs
Appendages
Girdle
7
Q
Girdle equiv
A
Scapula/clavicle
Pelvis
8
Q
Proximal segment equiv
A
Humerus
Femur
9
Q
Middle segment paired equiv
A
Radius, ulna
Tibia, fibula
10
Q
Distal segment short bones equiv
A
Carpals
Tarsals
11
Q
Distal segment long bones
A
Metacarpals, phalanges
Metatarsals, phalanges
12
Q
Foramen definition
A
Opening or hole
Passage through bone
13
Q
Foramen examples
A
Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae, cranial nerve foramina
14
Q
Foramen functions
A
Passage of neurovasculature
15
Q
Fossa definition
A
Depression in a bone
16
Q
Fossa ex
A
Subscapualr fossa
17
Q
Fossa functions
A
Accommodates processes of other bones
Area for muscle attachment
18
Q
Groove, sulcus definition
A
Long depression in bone
19
Q
Groove, sulcus Ex
A
Intertubercular sulcus - bicipital groove
20
Q
Groove, sulcus function
A
Tendons and liegmnts attachments
21
Q
Facet def
A
Smooth/flat articualr surface
22
Q
Facet ex
A
Vertebrae
23
Q
Facet function
A
Provides reciprocal articualr surface - usually covered with cartilage
24
Q
Condyle def
A
Rounded articualr surface at end of a bone
25
Condyle ex
Femoral Condyle
Occipital Condyle
26
Condyle function
For a joint
Larger rom
27
Epicondyle def
Projection near/upon a Condyle
28
Epicondyle ex
Humeral Epicondyle
29
Epicondyle functions
Musculotendinous attachment sites
30
Process def
Outgrowth or bony projection
31
Process ex
Olecranon process of ulna
Coracoid process of scapula
Spinous processes of vertebrae
32
Process fucntion
Tendon/ligament attachment sites
Increase leverage of muscle s
33
Tubercle def
Modular outgrowth
34
Tubercle ex
Greater and lesser tubercles of humerus
35
Tubercle function
Musculotendinous attachment sites
36
Tuberosity def
Like tubercle, but bigger
Large/long but shallow, eminence or ride on bony surface
37
Tuberosity ex
Deltoid Tuberosity
Radial Tuberosity
38
Tuberosity fucntion
Musculotendinous atttahcment sites
39
Define joint aka arthrosis aka articulation
Center of rotation
2 to more skeletal components linked together
40
Name the 2 broad categories of joints
Solid
Synovial
41
Name solid joint types
Fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints
42
Describe characteristics fibrous joints
Joints between bones
Linked by tough fibrous ct
No movement under normal conditions
43
Describe ex fibrous joints
Sutures - cranial
Gomphoses - teeth and mandible/maxilla
Syndesmoses - interosseous membranes
44
Describe characteristics cartilaginous joints
Joints that link 2 or more bones via cartilage/fibre cartilage
Little movement under physiological conditions
45
Describe ex cartilaginous joints
Bone cartilage bone = synchondrosis = costocondral/sternocostal joints
Bone fibro cartilage bone = symphyses = pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks
46
Name the general features of synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsules
47
Describe bursae
Between skin
48
Describe synovial sheath
Potential spaces with synovial fluid
Act as cushions and facilitate gliding of tendons near joints
49
Describe articular disks
Within Joint cavity
50
describe ligaments
Local thickenings of fibrous capsules
51
What can be found in knee
Articualr disks aka menisci = improve fit between reciprocal surfaces of femur and tibia
Collateral ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
(Ligs = intracapsular)
52
Describe gliding/planar joints = motions and ex
Limited translation - sliding motion
Ex= superior and inferior intervertebral joints at articular facets
53
Name planar joints
No rotation
Gliding/planar
54
Name uniaxial joints
One axis only
Pivot and hinge
55
Describe pivot joints = motions and ex
Axial rotation around longitudinal axis
Ex = humeroradial joint, Atlanta axial joint (c1/c2)
56
Describe hinge joints = motions and ex
Flexion/extension
Ex = elbow joint (humeri ulnar), interphalangeal joints
57
Describe condyloid (ellipsoid) joints = motions and ex
2 axes = flex/ext + axial rot (knee) or flex/ext + abd/add (metacarpophalangeal joints)
Ex= knee 2x Condyles, metacarophalangeal joints
58
Describe saddle joints = motions and ex
2 axes, flex/ext +abd/add
Ex= thumb carpometacarpal joint
59
Name biaxial joints
2 axes and combos
Condyloid and saddle
60
Name multi axial joints
Ball and socket joints
3 axes and combos
61
Describe ball and socket joints = motions and ex
2 axes = flex/ext, add/abd, and axial rotation
Ex= hip joint, shoulder joint (glenohumeral)
62
What are striations
Orientation of muscle fibres
Reflect fascicles and bundles
63
What do muscles generate
Tensile forces when sarcomeres engage
64
Describe muscle fibre orientation
Each level parallel to sarcomere
Clues about actions at a joint
65
How do muscles attach to bones
Tendons - sometimes much longer, sometimes short
66
What are muscles enveloped by
Sheaths ct
Epimysium or deep fascia
Can create bellies
67
Name the 2 main types of muscle architecture
Muscle fibre parallel =strap like, fusiform
Fibres oriented at an angle to line of action = uni pennate, bi pennate and multi pennate
68
Which muscle type is stronger
Pennate
69
What do muscles Create
Torques by generating tensile forces
70
Do muscles always generate motion
Noooo
Only create angular motion = depends on angular torques - muscles and external torques produced by external forces
71
What are torques dependent on
Forces
Distances from centres of rotation- further = more torque
72
Biceps brachii movement
Elbow flexor
73
Triceps brachii movement
Elbow extensor
74
Resist downward load = what type contraction
Isometric = only resist external torque
Fibres stay the same
75
Extend arm in controlled manager = what type contraction
Eccentric
Fibres lengthen
76
Overcome torque to produce actual elbow flex ion = what type contraction
Concentric
Muscle fibres shorten
77
Tester applies same downwards pressure closer to elbow rather than at hand = how would muscular effort of biceps change during an isometric contraction
Less effort bc closer to Center rotation
78
Describe flexion
Movement to decrease angle between 2 body parts
79
Describe extension
Opposite of flexion
Increase angle
80
Describe abduction
Movement away from midline - median plane
81
Describe adduction
Opposite abduction
Movement towards midline
82
Describe circumduction
Combo of flexion extension, add and abd
83
Describe medial rotation
Rotation anterior surface towards median plane, around longitudinal axis
84
Describe lateral rotation
Opposite of medial
Around longitudinal axis
